“…The most striking examples of this are, first and foremost, Russia but also Kazakhstan, albeit to a lesser extent, where, as is clearly visible, the natural resource sector is nurtured, controlled, and subsidized by state authorities. As a consequence, it further strengthens the negative effects of the so-called "Dutch disease", which is the overexploitation of natural resources (mostly the energy ones), owing to the relatively easy acquisition of extra budget revenues (taxes on their extraction and export), which in turn leads to stifled progress and falling competitiveness of other sectors of the economies of these two states (more on this subject: Falkowski [2017b]; Mironov and Petronevich [2015]; Dülger et al [2013]). The analysis has shown that, paradoxically, the two largest EAEU economies, Russia and Kazakhstan, have a relatively low level of competitiveness in contemporary international trade, given their economic potential.…”