Is phenotypic plasticity determined by temperature and fluid regime in filter-feeding gelatinous organisms?

Jordano, Mayara de A.; Morandini, André C.; Nagata, Renato Mitsuo

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151238

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…It was documented that, prior to death, medusae decay until shape changes, losing tissues and shortening oral arms and tentacles [64,69,73]. The latter was observed in the present work in the umbrella and reduction of digitata, feeding structures associated to oral arms used to capture food [5,74]. Shrinking of tentacles when food was scarce was related to autophagia [29,73] as an adaptation to reduce body mass under unfavorable metabolic and environmental conditions, allowing medusae to adapt to scarce food [29,32,62,75,76].…”

Section: Feeding Structures In Mucussupporting

confidence: 64%

“…These structures aid in capturing food, and shrinking would decrease medusae feeding ability, thereby precluding growth, or even reducing size. This was observed for L. lucerna, which, under high temperature and low food, contracted their tentacles and reduced size and movement, which impeded food intake, ultimately leading to death [74]. This phenomenon was also observed in Cassiopea spp.…”

Section: Feeding Structures In Mucusmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Feeding Behavior, Shrinking, and the Role of Mucus in the Cannonball Jellyfish Stomolophus sp. 2 in Captivity

et al. 2022

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The importance of mucus produced by jellyfish species remains as understudied as their feeding behavior. Here, we study medusae under captivity, ascertain the role of mucus, and describe its feeding behavior. Between February and March 2019, live adult cannonball jellyfish, Stomolophus sp. 2, were collected in Las Guásimas Bay (Gulf of California, Mexico) and were offered fish eggs, mollusk “D” larvae, or Artemia nauplii in 4-day trials. Descriptions of feeding structures were provided for S. sp. 2. Digitata adhere food and scapulets fragment them, which, driven by water flow, pass via transport channels to the esophagus and the gastrovascular chamber where food is digested. Due to stress by handling, medusae produced mucus and water, lost feeding structures, and decreased in size. Based on our observations and a thorough literature review, we conclude that the production of mucus in S. sp. 2 plays several roles, facilitating capture and packing of prey, acting as a defense mechanism, and facilitating sexual reproduction; the latter improves the likelihood of a population persisting in the long run, because fertilized oocytes in mucus transform to planulae, settle, and transform into asexually reproducing polyps. Polyps live longer than the other life stages and are more resistant to adverse environmental conditions than the medusoid sexual stage.

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Section: Feeding Structures In Mucussupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Feeding Structures In Mucusmentioning

confidence: 72%

Feeding Behavior, Shrinking, and the Role of Mucus in the Cannonball Jellyfish Stomolophus sp. 2 in Captivity

et al. 2022

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“…The faster bell kinematics result in faster water velocities around the bell 19 which would facilitate the penetration of uid through their oral arms and set up the hydrodynamic requirements of sieving and direct interception of small prey by their capture surface 43 . Observations on early development of oral arms suggest that digitata dimensions and spacing are dependent on temperature and uid regimes 44 , and that such features are regular among different rhizostome species 9 . The similar design features of these structures suggests natural selection for e cient ltration under shared uid dynamic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic Transitions, Biomechanical Trade-Offs and Macroevolution of Scyphozoan Medusae Swimming Patterns

Montfort

Costello

Colin

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Ephyrae, the early stages of scyphozoan jellyfish, possess a conserved morphology among species. However, ontogenetic transitions lead to morphologically different shapes among scyphozoan lineages, with important consequences for swimming biomechanics, bioenergetics and ecology. We used high-speed imaging to analyse biomechanical and kinematic variables of swimming in 17 species of Scyphozoa (1 Coronatae, 8 “Semaeostomeae” and 8 Rhizostomeae) at different developmental stages. Swimming kinematics of early ephyrae were similar, in general, but differences related to major lineages emerged through development. Rhizostomeae medusae have more prolate bells, shorter pulse cycles and higher swimming performances. Medusae of “Semaeostomeae”, in turn, have more variable bell shapes and most species had lower swimming performances. Despite these differences, both groups travelled the same distance per pulse suggesting that each pulse is hydrodynamically similar. Therefore, higher swimming velocities are achieved in species with higher pulsation frequencies. Our results suggest that medusae of Rhizostomeae and “Semaeostomeae” have evolved bell kinematics with different optimized traits, rhizostomes optimize rapid fluid processing, through faster pulsations, while “semaeostomes” optimize swimming efficiency, through longer interpulse intervals that enhance mechanisms of passive energy recapture.

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“…These oral arms in turn are covered with cilia that generate currents towards the digitata tips, which are also ciliated, where capture by nematocysts occurs. A study on development and phenotypic plasticity in medusae of L. lucerna and Cassiopea andromeda considered that the flow promoted by the cilia could decrease the effect of the boundary layer around the filtering structures of the oral arms (digitata) and potentially increase the filtered volume (Jordano et al, 2020), although this has yet to be tested experimentally. Turk et al (2021) described the epidermis of polyps and medusae of Aurelia solida Browne, 1905 ('Semeaeostomeae'), and mentioned different types of cilia on the epidermis of these two life forms.…”

Section: Motile Cilia In Medusozoa: Review and New Insightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lifestyle of many marine invertebrates depends on cilia, both motile and non‐motile, for sensory and motor functions in their fluid environment (Blake & Sleigh, 1974; Larsen & Riisgård, 2009; Hanasoge, Hesketh & Alexeev, 2018; Jordano, Morandini & Nagata, 2020; Joung, Lee & Kim, 2020). Life in the aquatic environment depends on ciliary action in multiple ways: to generate feeding currents, in nutrient and metabolite exchanges, for locomotion, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the role played by cilia in medusozoan feeding mechanics

Jordano,

Nagata,

Morandini

2024

Biological Reviews

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Cilia are widely present in metazoans and have various sensory and motor functions, including collection of particles through feeding currents in suspensivorous animals. Suspended particles occur at low densities and are too small to be captured individually, and therefore must be concentrated. Animals that feed on these particles have developed different mechanisms to encounter and capture their food. These mechanisms occur in three phases: (i) encounter; (ii) capture; and (iii) particle handling, which occurs by means of a cilia‐generated current or the movement of capturing structures (e.g. tentacles) that transport the particle to the mouth. Cilia may be involved in any of these phases. Some cnidarians, as do other suspensivorous animals, utilise cilia in their feeding mechanisms. However, few studies have considered ciliary flow when examining the biomechanics of cnidarian feeding. Anthozoans (sessile cnidarians) are known to possess flow‐promoting cilia, but these are absent in medusae. The traditional view is that jellyfish capture prey only by means of nematocysts (stinging structures) and mucus, and do not possess cilia that collect suspended particles. Herein, we first provide an overview of suspension feeding in invertebrates, and then critically analyse the presence, distribution, and function of cilia in the Cnidaria (mainly Medusozoa), with a focus on particle collection (suspension feeding). We analyse the different mechanisms of suspension feeding and sort them according to our proposed classification framework. We present a scheme for the phases of pelagic jellyfish suspension feeding based on this classification. There is evidence that cilia create currents but act only in phases 1 and 3 of suspension feeding in medusozoans. Research suggests that some scyphomedusae must exploit other nutritional sources besides prey captured by nematocysts and mucus, since the resources provided by this diet alone are insufficient to meet their energy requirements. Therefore, smaller particles and prey may be captured through other phase‐2 mechanisms that could involve ciliary currents. We hypothesise that medusae, besides capturing prey by nematocysts (present in the tentacles and oral arms), also capture small particles with their cilia, therefore expanding their trophic niche and suggesting reinterpretation of the trophic role of medusoid cnidarians as exclusively plankton predators. We suggest further study of particle collection by ciliary action and its influence on the biomechanics of jellyfishes, to expand our understanding of the ecology of this group.

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Is phenotypic plasticity determined by temperature and fluid regime in filter-feeding gelatinous organisms?

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Feeding Behavior, Shrinking, and the Role of Mucus in the Cannonball Jellyfish Stomolophus sp. 2 in Captivity

Feeding Behavior, Shrinking, and the Role of Mucus in the Cannonball Jellyfish Stomolophus sp. 2 in Captivity

Ontogenetic Transitions, Biomechanical Trade-Offs and Macroevolution of Scyphozoan Medusae Swimming Patterns

A review of the role played by cilia in medusozoan feeding mechanics

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