Is PASA Passé?: Rethinking Compensatory Mechanisms in Cognitive Aging

Myrum, Craig

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2348-18.2018

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This age‐related pattern has been observed in explicit, but not implicit, negative emotion processing (Zsoldos et al., 2016). Whether this increase in prefrontal activity indicates a compensatory mechanism, neuroadaptation, or loss of neural specificity has been a subject of inquiry (Lloyd et al., 2021; Morcom & Henson, 2018; Myrum, 2019). In our study, there was a trend toward higher inferior frontal gyrus activity being related to higher accuracy in the emotional Stroop task for older adults (Supporting Information, Table S3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of emotions in healthy aging: age‐related differences in brain network connectivity

et al. 2021

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Introduction Successful inhibition of distracting emotions is important for preserving well‐being and daily functioning. There is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of healthy aging on emotional inhibition, and possible age‐related alterations in the neuronal underpinnings of emotional interference processing are unexplored. Methods Thirty younger (mean age 26 years; 15 women) and 30 older (mean age 71 years; 13 women) healthy adults performed a face–word emotional Stroop task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. A resting‐state scan was acquired for calculating the amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations as an estimate of vascular reactivity. Comparisons of brain activation during the task were assessed in a whole‐brain, voxel‐wise analysis, contrasting congruent, and incongruent conditions. The canonical regions of the frontoparietal, salience, dorsal attention, and default mode networks were used as seed regions for assessing functional connectivity within and between large‐scale brain networks. Task performance was evaluated using response accuracy and response time. Results The older adults had longer response times and lower task accuracy than the younger adults, but the emotional interference effect was not significantly different between the groups. Whole‐brain analysis revealed no significant age‐related differences in brain activation patterns. Rescaling the data for estimated variability in vascular reactivity did not affect the results. In older adults, there was relatively stronger functional connectivity with the default mode network, the sensorimotor network, and the dorsal attention network for the frontoparietal and salience network seeds during the task. Conversely, younger adults had relatively stronger connections within and between the frontoparietal and salience networks. Conclusion In this first fMRI study of emotional Stroop interference in older and younger adults, we found that the emotional interference effect was unchanged in healthy aging and replicated the finding from non‐emotional task studies that older adults have greater between‐network and less within‐network connectivity compared to younger adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of emotions in healthy aging: age‐related differences in brain network connectivity

et al. 2021

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“…These changes were initially thought to be compensatory, given that cognitive function was comparable to younger adults despite these differences (Berlingeri et al, 2013;Reuter-Lorenz & Cappell, 2008). However, recent studies contradict this traditional view and posit that changes may actually be maladaptive, reflecting loss of efficiency and specialization of cognitive processes (Morcom & Henson, 2018;Myrum, 2019). In the longer term, this may be counter-productive, where prolonged exposure to an excitatory environment can result in neuronal damage and loss (Merlo et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in cerebrovascular responses to cognitive stimulation using a novel method

Beishon

Boadi

Williams

et al. 2021

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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Aging is associated with a number of alterations to cerebrovascular function. We aimed to investigate the effect of age on cerebrovascular responses to cognitive stimulation using an objective twoparameter method.Previously derived from a large data-set (135 healthy participants) were applied to a task-activated dataset of 69 healthy participants in five different task conditions. Cumulative response rate (CRR) was calculated as the sum of responses across tasks and hemispheres.There was a significant effect of age (adjusted odds ratio: 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.04), p = 0.016). There was also a significant effect of task (p = 0.002), but there was no significant interaction between age and task (p = 0.37). Increasing age was associated with increased CRR (adjusted odds ratio: 1.04 (95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.07), p = 0.009).Using an objective two-parameter method, healthy older adults had increased cerebrovascular responses to cognitive testing.

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“…Results from a functional connectivity study also supported this view [8]. The widely accepted view of the functional role of the PASA effect today is active compensation [9]. There is empirical evidence that the posterior to anterior shift was associated with increased cognitive demands [10] and the PASA effect benefitted older adults in episodic encoding [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Although the current consensus of the field gravitates toward the compensation view when interpreting the functional role of the PASA model [9], the alternative view is that the age-related increase in brain activation is due to a loss of functional specificities. This concept is called de-differentiation, which is conceptually the reversal process of functional differentiation that occurs during the developmental period [40].…”

Section: Compensation Vs Dedifferentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Changes in Episodic Processing of Scenes: A Functional Activation and Connectivity Study

Miyakoshi

Archer

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The posterior-to-anterior shift in aging (PASA) effect is seen as a compensatory model that enables older adults to meet increased cognitive demands to perform comparably as their young counterparts. However, empirical support for the PASA effect investigating age-related changes in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), hippocampus, and parahippocampus has yet to be established. 33 older adults and 48 young adults were administered tasks sensitive to novelty and relational processing of indoor/outdoor scenes in a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. Functional activation and connectivity analyses were applied to examine the age-related changes on the IFG, hippocampus, and parahippocampus among low/high-performing older adults and young adults. Significant parahippocampal activation was generally found in both older (high-performing) and young adults for novelty and relational processing of scenes. Younger adults had significantly greater IFG and parahippocampal activation than older adults, and greater parahippocampal activation compared to low-performing older adults for relational processing—providing partial support for the PASA model. Observations of significant functional connectivity within the medial temporal lobe and greater negative left IFG-right hippocampus/parahippocampus functional connectivity for young compared to low-performing older adults for relational processing also supports the PASA effect partially.

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Is PASA Passé?: Rethinking Compensatory Mechanisms in Cognitive Aging

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Inhibition of emotions in healthy aging: age‐related differences in brain network connectivity

Inhibition of emotions in healthy aging: age‐related differences in brain network connectivity

Age-related differences in cerebrovascular responses to cognitive stimulation using a novel method

Age-Related Changes in Episodic Processing of Scenes: A Functional Activation and Connectivity Study

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