Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile?

Jiménez, Esther; Marín, María; Martı́n, Rocı́o; Odriozola, Juan M.; Olivares, Mónica; Xaus, Jordi; Fernández, Leónides; Rodríguez, Juan M.

doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2007.12.007

Cited by 781 publications

(674 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, microbial colonization of the human infant may begin earlier. The dogma of sterile intrauterine environment has recently been challenged by reports on detection of diverse microbes in placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, and meconium (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Taking these preliminary observations together, the contact with the complex bacterial communities is clearly already initiated in utero and the impact of maternal microbiota may be more important than we had previously believed.…”

Section: Microbial Exposure In Uteromentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Experimental evidence in mice has been reported to support this notion (12,13). Maternal bacteria present in blood would reach the placenta tissue, from which microbes could reach the amniotic fluid and be swallowed by the fetus (3,4,8) or transfer into the fetal circulation, as has been demonstrated from maternal cells (14) and fetal transfer DNA material to maternal serum (15). The translocation of commensal bacteria from the mother to the fetus and neonate has been reported to have a variety of routes, for example, through the mesenteric lymph nodes, breast tissue, and skin.…”

Section: Microbial Exposure In Uteromentioning

confidence: 97%

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Gut microbiota: a source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease?

et al. 2014

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Section: Microbial Exposure In Uteromentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Microbial Exposure In Uteromentioning

confidence: 97%

Gut microbiota: a source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease?

et al. 2014

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“…While the GI tract of the fetus was thought to be sterile, recent evidence suggests that bacteria are present in the amniotic fluid (Jimenez et al, 2008) and also the placenta (Wassenaar and Panigrahi, 2014). During the delivery process microbes are acquired from the mother's fecal and vaginal flora and subsequently from the environment, in most developed countries the hospital environment.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome

Dinan

Cryan

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

184

121

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There is now a large volume of evidence to support the view that the immune system is a key communication pathway between the gut and brain, which plays an important role in stress-related psychopathologies and thus provides a potentially fruitful target for psychotropic intervention. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem with a diverse range of organisms and a sophisticated genomic structure. Bacteria within the gut are estimated to weigh in excess of 1 kg in the adult human and the microbes within not only produce antimicrobial peptides, short chain fatty acids, and vitamins, but also most of the common neurotransmitters found in the human brain. That the microbial content of the gut plays a key role in immune development is now beyond doubt. Early disruption of the host-microbe interplay can have lifelong consequences, not just in terms of intestinal function but in distal organs including the brain. It is clear that the immune system and nervous system are in continuous communication in order to maintain a state of homeostasis. Significant gaps in knowledge remain about the effect of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-nervous systems dialogue. However, studies using germ-free animals, infective models, prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics have increased our understanding of the interplay. Early life stress can have a lifelong impact on the microbial content of the intestine and permanently alter immune functioning. That early life stress can also impact adult psychopathology has long been appreciated in psychiatry. The challenge now is to fully decipher the molecular mechanisms that link the gut microbiota, immune, and central nervous systems in a network of communication that impacts behavior patterns and psychopathology, to eventually translate these findings to the human situation both in health and disease. Even at this juncture, there is evidence to pinpoint key sites of communication where gut microbial interventions either with drugs or diet or perhaps fecal microbiota transplantation may positively impact mental health.

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“…Colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract starts as early as in utero [5], and a core microbiome composed mainly of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia is established around the third year of life. Extrinsic factors, including host genetic makeup [6], cohousing/family members [7], oral antibiotic use early in life [8] and diet [9] are dominating factors in shaping the intestinal microbiota.…”

Section: Bbbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This commentary discusses two recent rodent studies on the potential importance of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic disease. Ussar and co-workers [3] studied the complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors in microbiota-related metabolic disease development in mice, while Perry and co-workers [4] investigated a potential mechanism underlying microbiota-driven disease development using a rat model.Colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract starts as early as in utero [5], and a core microbiome composed mainly of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia is established around the third year of life. Extrinsic factors, including host genetic makeup [6], cohousing/family members [7], oral antibiotic use early in life [8] and diet [9] are dominating factors in shaping the intestinal microbiota.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging role of intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in metabolic control

Herrema

IJzerman²,

Nieuwdorp

2016

Diabetologia

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The role of the intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in the maintenance of host health and development of metabolic disease has gained significant attention over the past decade. Mechanistic insight revealing causality, however, is scarce. Work by Ussar and co-workers demonstrates that a complex interaction between microbiota, host genetics and environmental factors is involved in metabolic disease development in mice. In addition, Perry and coworkers show that the microbial metabolite acetate augments insulin resistance in rats. These studies underscore an important role of the microbiota in the development of obesity and symptoms of type 2 diabetes in rodents. If causality can be demonstrated in humans, development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools that target the gut microbiota will have high potential.Keywords Gut microbiota . Insulin resistance . Obesity . Short-chain fatty acids . Type 2 diabetes Abbreviations BBB Blood-brain barrier FMT Faecal microbiota transfer GSIS Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion HFD High-fat diet ICV Intracerebroventricular SCFA Short-chain fatty acidThe symbiotic relationship with our intestinal microbiota is exemplified by a broad range of beneficial effects for the host metabolism, including digestion of complex carbohydrates and maturation of the immune response. In addition, the intestinal microbiota serves an endocrine role by producing a vast amount of metabolites with the potential to modulate host metabolism [1]. The intestinal microbiota has, as such, also been implicated in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in human and rodent models [2]. This adds another layer of complexity to studying the origin of these multifactorial metabolic pathologies that arise from a complicated interplay between genetic risk factors and external factors, including dietary intake and physical activity. This commentary discusses two recent rodent studies on the potential importance of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic disease. Ussar and co-workers [3] studied the complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors in microbiota-related metabolic disease development in mice, while Perry and co-workers [4] investigated a potential mechanism underlying microbiota-driven disease development using a rat model.Colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract starts as early as in utero [5], and a core microbiome composed mainly of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia is established around the third year of life. Extrinsic factors, including host genetic makeup [6], cohousing/family members [7], oral antibiotic use early in life [8] and diet [9] are dominating factors in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Whether these early life events are determinants of microbiota-related disease in later life remains to be

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Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile?

Cited by 781 publications

References 34 publications

Gut microbiota: a source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease?

Gut microbiota: a source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease?

Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome

Emerging role of intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in metabolic control

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