The early bird catches the wormTechnological developments over the past 50 years have opened new opportunities for action and prosperity for many citizens all over the world. Consequently this has also significantly raised the need for an ever improving education system that is supposed to equip citizens with high quality cultural tools, skills and attitudes to keep up with the pace and innovations of cultural development.Governments all over the world try to answer these increasing demands with a number of policies regarding how the educational system should contribute to a higher general educational level among people, how to lay the foundations for new expertise and innovations for the future, and take care that no child is left behind. Governments spend big (though differing) amounts of money in research for improvement of the educational system and require accountability of schools in return. In the ways that governments in the industrialised countries try to influence the research agenda, and maximize the value of research outcomes and school improvements, a number of communalities can be seen. First of all, there is a strong tendency worldwide to concentrate on raising the achievement levels of students in the domains of reading and mathematics. This aim is furthermore often combine with a firm belief that achievement levels are validly represented by test scores. The difficulties in achieving these goals have furthermore led to the tendency to concentrate on research and program development for the younger children. It is widely believed that early starts in domains like reading and mathematics (when properly implemented) will provide children with benefits that can help them flourish in a future society. It is the early bird who catches the worm.Educational research over the past decades has definitely produced useful understandings that can support the innovation of early childhood education and confirm this "early bird assumption". However, it also turned out that the complexity of the problem denies easy solutions and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Each of these ambitions produces many different challenges (ethical, cultural, theoretical, practical) that ask for further elaboration and collaboration, and that may finally even contest some of the current assumptions involved.