Is hydrogen peroxide responsible for the inhibitory activity of alpha-haemolytic streptococci sampled from the nasopharynx?

Tano, Krister; Håkansson, Eva Grahn; Wallbrandt, Pia; Rönnqvist, Daniel; Holm, Stig E.; Hellström, Sten

doi:10.1080/00016480310000403

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Alterations in the normal microbiota may alter the host resistance to pathogen colonization in the gut [42] and in the airways [43]. Possible mechanisms for this include direct inhibition of pathogen growth by commensal secreted factors [44]. Commensal bacteria may also elicit tonic signals in the gut epithelium that prevent activation of innate and adaptive immune responses [45], [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Airways Microbiota in Antibiotic-Naïve Wheezing and Healthy Infants from the Tropics of Rural Ecuador

et al. 2012

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BackgroundObservations that the airway microbiome is disturbed in asthma may be confounded by the widespread use of antibiotics and inhaled steroids. We have therefore examined the oropharyngeal microbiome in early onset wheezing infants from a rural area of tropical Ecuador where antibiotic usage is minimal and glucocorticoid usage is absent.Materials and MethodsWe performed pyrosequencing of amplicons of the polymorphic bacterial 16S rRNA gene from oropharyngeal samples from 24 infants with non-infectious early onset wheezing and 24 healthy controls (average age 10.2 months). We analyzed microbial community structure and differences between cases and controls by QIIME software.ResultsWe obtained 76,627 high quality sequences classified into 182 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Firmicutes was the most common and diverse phylum (71.22% of sequences) with Streptococcus being the most common genus (49.72%). Known pathogens were found significantly more often in cases of infantile wheeze compared to controls, exemplified by Haemophilus spp. (OR = 2.12, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.82–2.47; P = 5.46×10−23) and Staphylococcus spp. (OR = 124.1, 95%CI 59.0–261.2; P = 1.87×10−241). Other OTUs were less common in cases than controls, notably Veillonella spp. (OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.56–0.62; P = 8.06×10−86).DiscussionThe airway microbiota appeared to contain many more Streptococci than found in Western Europe and the USA. Comparisons between healthy and wheezing infants revealed a significant difference in several bacterial phylotypes that were not confounded by antibiotics or use of inhaled steroids. The increased prevalence of pathogens such as Haemophilus and Staphylococcus spp. in cases may contribute to wheezing illnesses in this age group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Airways Microbiota in Antibiotic-Naïve Wheezing and Healthy Infants from the Tropics of Rural Ecuador

et al. 2012

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“…The importance of H 2 O 2 production for health can be illustrated in bacterial vaginosis, since lack of lactobacilli with such production seems to be associated with an altered composition of the vaginal flora resulting in a massive anaerobic overgrowth [30]. Tano et al [31] concluded that the inhibitory effect of alpha-hemolytic streptococci on otitis media pathogens most likely was due to their H 2 O 2 production. The antimicrobial glycerol derivative reuterin is another example of a growth inhibitory substance produced by L. reuteri [32] that may be involved in the reduction of mutans streptococci in saliva [14,15] as well as beneficial influences on gingivitis [33] and inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth inhibition of oral mutans streptococci and candida by commercial probiotic lactobacilli - an in vitro study

et al. 2010

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BackgroundProbiotic bacteria are suggested to play a role in the maintenance of oral health. Such health promoting bacteria are added to different commercial probiotic products. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of a selection of lactobacilli strains, used in commercially available probiotic products, to inhibit growth of oral mutans streptococci and C. albicans in vitro.MethodsEight probiotic lactobacilli strains were tested for growth inhibition on three reference strains and two clinical isolates of mutans streptococci as well as two reference strains and three clinical isolates of Candida albicans with an agar overlay method.ResultsAt concentrations ranging from 109 to 105 CFU/ml, all lactobacilli strains inhibited the growth of the mutans streptococci completely with the exception of L. acidophilus La5 that executed only a slight inhibition of some strains at concentrations corresponding to 107 and 105 CFU/ml. At the lowest cell concentration (103 CFU/ml), only L. plantarum 299v and L. plantarum 931 displayed a total growth inhibition while a slight inhibition was seen for all five mutans streptococci strains by L. rhamnosus LB21, L. paracasei F19, L. reuteri PTA 5289 and L. reuteri ATCC 55730. All the tested lactobacilli strains reduced candida growth but the effect was generally weaker than for mutans streptococci. The two L. plantarum strains and L. reuteri ATCC 55730 displayed the strongest inhibition on Candida albicans. No significant differences were observed between the reference strains and the clinical isolates.ConclusionThe selected probiotic strains showed a significant but somewhat varying ability to inhibit growth of oral mutans streptococci and Candida albicans in vitro.

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“…Two of these studies focused on the inhibitory effect of H 2 O 2 produced by these streptococci (38,54). One study showed that a wild-type M. catarrhalis strain was much more resistant to killing by exogenous H 2 O 2 than the other bacteria tested (38), and another suggested that M. catarrhalis could somehow increase its resistance to killing by what was presumed to be H 2 O 2 (55).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Most previous studies on the interaction of M. catarrhalis with other bacteria that can colonize the mucosa of the human upper respiratory tract focused mainly on various alpha-hemolytic streptococci and their ability to affect either the growth or the viability of M. catarrhalis strains in vitro (4,38,54,55). Two of these studies focused on the inhibitory effect of H 2 O 2 produced by these streptococci (38,54).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The mechanisms by which H 2 O 2 can kill bacteria include, but are not limited to, damage to proteins and DNA related to the Fenton reaction, peroxidation of membrane lipids, and oxidation of iron-sulfur clusters in proteins (15). The biologically relevant sources of H 2 O 2 include phagocytic cells (40,41), some members of the normal flora of the host (38,54), and endogenous production by the bacterium itself during aerobic growth (i.e., from sources outside the bacterial respiratory chain) (44; for a review, see reference 15).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of Gene Products Involved in the Oxidative Stress Response of Moraxella catarrhalis

et al. 2011

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Moraxella catarrhalis is subjected to oxidative stress from both internal and environmental sources. A previous study (C. D. Pericone, K. Overweg, P. W. Hermans, and J. N. Weiser, Infect. Immun. 68:3990-3997, 2000) indicated that a wild-type strain of M. catarrhalis was very resistant to killing by exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The gene encoding OxyR, a LysR family transcriptional regulator, was identified and inactivated in M. catarrhalis strain O35E, resulting in an increase in sensitivity to killing by H 2 O 2 in disk diffusion assays and a concomitant aerobic serial dilution effect. Genes encoding a predicted catalase (KatA) and an alkyl hydroperoxidase (AhpCF) showed dose-dependent upregulation in wild-type cells exposed to H 2 O 2 . DNA microarray and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analyses identified M. catarrhalis genes whose expression was affected by oxidative stress in an OxyR-dependent manner. Testing of M. catarrhalis O35E katA and ahpC mutants for their abilities to scavenge exogenous H 2 O 2 showed that the KatA catalase was responsible for most of this activity in the wild-type parent strain. The introduction of the same mutations into M. catarrhalis strain ETSU-4 showed that the growth of a ETSU-4 katA mutant was markedly inhibited by the addition of 50 mM H 2 O 2 but that this mutant could still form a biofilm equivalent to that produced by its wild-type parent strain.

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Is hydrogen peroxide responsible for the inhibitory activity of alpha-haemolytic streptococci sampled from the nasopharynx?

Abstract: We conclude that the inhibitory effect of AHS is most likely due to the production of hydrogen peroxide. The significance of hydrogen peroxide production of AHS is discussed in relation to the non-specific and specific mucosal defence systems.

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Upper Airways Microbiota in Antibiotic-Naïve Wheezing and Healthy Infants from the Tropics of Rural Ecuador

Upper Airways Microbiota in Antibiotic-Naïve Wheezing and Healthy Infants from the Tropics of Rural Ecuador

Growth inhibition of oral mutans streptococci and candida by commercial probiotic lactobacilli - an in vitro study

Identification of Gene Products Involved in the Oxidative Stress Response of Moraxella catarrhalis

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