Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?

Leas, Eric C.; Dare, Anne; Al-Delaimy, Wael K.

doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0462-y

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The demand for alternative sources has also been stressed by considering the importance of greywater use in Kuwait (Abusam 2008;Al-Jarallah 2013;Alaziz and Al-Saqer 2014). Few studies even supported the artificial recharge of aquifers using treated wastewater (Leas et al 2013;Packialakshmi et al 2015). There are many reported methods for the greywater treatment studies (Table 5), but the cost-effectiveness and the quantity of the treatment materials used for the proportion of treated greywater are more significant for considering the applicability of the method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment and effective utilization of greywater

2019

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Sustainable management aims at the governance of natural resources to meet the needs of future generations. The limited resources of freshwater in arid regions have led to the development of alternative water management strategies. To meet the future challenges of water scarcity, an attempt has been made in this study to utilize treated greywater obtained by gravitygoverned filtration technique and disinfection for domestic usage. The study addresses the possibilities of groundwater recharge with the treated greywater. The method focuses on a gravity-governed flow through a column containing activated carbon, sand and gravel. The greywater used for the treatment contains a mixture of equal proportions of water collected from three different sources such as kitchen sink, shower and washing machine in Fahaheel, Salmiya and Farwaniya areas of Kuwait. The study concluded that for a volume of 1167 cm 3 filtration media used, the designed column was 34% effective for first 1100 mL of greywater. Later, the column was regenerated by washing with distilled water and the regenerated column still proved to be effective with a removal efficiency of 26% for next 600 mL of greywater. The quality of the treated greywater was assessed in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as per the standard methods to check the suitability for domestic purposes. The results obtained were also compared with the groundwater quality of Kuwait group and Dammam aquifers, and it was inferred to be at par with their quality. The TDS of treated greywater has been reduced from 4910 to 1508 mg/L, which is also lower than the TDS in groundwater of both the aquifers, and pH was reduced from 10.29 to 7.94. The present study proved its efficiency equally to other existing methods, and the efficiency of removal for some of the analyzed parameters was measured as 23%, 95%, 52%, 88%, 100% and 100% for pH, color, TDS, turbidity, total coliform and E. coli, respectively. Hence, the study is simple and cost-effective approach that can be adopted for the treatment and reused greywater for domestic and agriculture and also for recharging the aquifers to prevent saltwater intrusion along the coastal aquifers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment and effective utilization of greywater

2019

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“…In the typically densely populated coastal regions, people rely often, and largely, on groundwater for drinking, food production and their economies. This is true especially for semi-arid regions and more so for arid coastal regions, which may be water-stressed or even water-deprived when densely inhabited; the Middle East and North Africa are pertinent examples (Leas et al 2014). If coastal aquifers are exploited intensively, i.e., the groundwater abstractions substantially modify the aquifer conditions (Llamas and Custodio 2003), the naturally occurring seawater intrusion (SWI) increases and can threaten large-scale contamination of the coastal groundwater resource.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying a Sustainable Management Space for Human Use of Coastal Groundwater under Multiple Change Pressures

Mazi

Koussis

Destouni

2016

Water Resour Manage

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In the densely populated coastal regions of the world, loss of groundwater due to seawater intrusion, driven by changes of climate, sea level, land use and water use, may critically impact many people. We analytically investigate and quantify the limits constraining a coastal aquifer's sustainable management space, in order to avoid critical loss of the coastal groundwater resource by seawater intrusion. Limiting conditions occur when the intrusion toe reaches the pumping wells, well intrusion, or the marine-side groundwater divide, complete intrusion; in both cases the limits are functions of the seaward groundwater flow remaining after the human groundwater extractions. The study presents a screening-level approach to the quantification of the key natural and human-determined controls and sustainability limits for the human use of coastal groundwater. The physical and geometrical characteristics of the coastal aquifer along with the natural conditions for recharge and replenishment of the coastal groundwater are the key natural controls of the sustainable management space for the latter. The groundwater pumping rates and locations are the key human-determined controls of this space. The present approach to combining and accounting for both of these types of controls is

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“…Örneğin, İsrail'de arıtılmış atıksuların %85'den fazlası, İspanya'da yaklaşık %71'i [19], Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin California Eyaleti'nde %65'i [6] tarımsal sulama amacı ile tekrar kullanılmaktadır. Buna karşın mevcut temiz su kaynaklarının azlığı ve atıksuların toplama ve arıtma maliyetinin fazlalığından dolayı gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde atıksular hiç arıtılmadan ya da yağmur suyu gibi temiz bir su kaynağı ile seyreltilerek tarımsal sulama amacı ile kullanılabilmektedir [20]- [23]. Dünyada 20 milyon hektar kadar alan hiç arıtılmamış ya da kısmen arıtılmış atıksular ile sulanmaktadır [24], [25].…”

Section: Tarımsal Sulamada Kullanılan Atıksularunclassified

Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater for Agricultural Irrigation

Ak¹,

Top²

2018

Pamukkale J Eng Sci

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Dünya'da suya olan ihtiyacın gün geçtikçe artmasına bağlı olarak özellikle kentsel atıksular hacimleri ve içerdikleri besin maddeleri nedeniyle tarımsal sulamada cazip hale gelmiştir. Atıksular Dünya'nın birçok bölgesinde su kıtlığı ya da ekonomik nedenlerle tarımsal sulamada yaygın bir şekilde arıtılarak, kısmi arıtılarak, seyreltilerek ya da hiç arıtılmadan kullanılmaktadır. Fakat çoğu endüstriyel atıksuya kıyasla kentsel atıksular daha az kompleks ve kolay giderilebilir kirleticiler içerse de bu kirleticiler giderilmedikleri takdirde kısa ve uzun dönemde insan ve çevre için tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu kirleticilerden en önemlisi insan sağlığını direk tehdit eden patojenlerdir. Patojenler haricinde atıksu içerisinde birçok askıda ya da çözünmüş organik ve inorganik kirletici bulunmaktadır. Bu kirleticiler de uzun dönemli bir sulama sonucunda birikerek toprak yapısında fiziksel ve kimyasal bozulmalara, yerüstü ve yeraltı sularında direk ya da dolaylı yoldan insan hayatını tehdit edecek kirlenmelere neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle sürdürülebilir bir tarımsal sulama için atıksuların bu amaçla kullanımları öncesi muhakkak uygun bir şekilde arıtılmaları ve kirletici konsantrasyonlarının sürekli kontrol edilmesi gerekmektedir. Arıtmanın derecesi ve kullanılacak teknolojiler o ülkenin ya da Dünya Sağlık Teşkilatı'nın belirlediği kirleticiler ve limit değerleri esas alınarak seçilebilir. Yapılan birçok çalışma uygun bir şekilde arıtılmış atıksuların tarımsal sulamada çiğ yenen meyve ve sebzeler de dahil olmak üzere kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

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Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

Treatment and effective utilization of greywater

Treatment and effective utilization of greywater

Quantifying a Sustainable Management Space for Human Use of Coastal Groundwater under Multiple Change Pressures

Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater for Agricultural Irrigation

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