Is governmental and societal discrimination against Muslim minorities behind foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq?

Abstract

This study asks whether governmental and societal discrimination against Muslim minorities explains the outflow of foreign fighters from non-Muslim-majority countries to Syria and Iraq. We use data from the ICSR, Soufan Group, Pokalova (2018), and RASM datasets to examine the connection between discrimination directed at Muslim minorities and the number of foreign fighters originating in a country. We apply grievance-based theory to examine whether minority-specific objective discrimination is behind the phenomenon. We find little evidence that discrimination increases the outflow of foreign fighters, but this outflow is higher from wealthier countries. The findings indicate that if grievances are a motivation for individuals to become foreign fighters, they are not connected to objective discrimination. This implies that at least some of the grievances relate to personal circumstances or that immigrant minorities are more likely to perceive inequality in wealthier countries.

Evaluation of Stories of the Prophets in the Holy Qur'an Based on Existential Therapy

“…Note that while all the prophets of Islam are male (including those considered in this article), a study has shown that existential therapy also has a positive effect on women's rumination and awareness (Rezapour-Mirsaleh et al, 2022). It has been stated in other research that the political studies made by putting the existential theory in the center offer a solution against discrimination (Heidenreich et al, 2021;Binder, 2022;Mishali-Ram & Fox, 2022). In a different study, it was concluded that Ellison used existential theory to find a solution to the identity problem of African-Americans (Cotkin, 1995;Bassey, 2007;Dokmane, 2017).…”