Is fetal macrosomia related to blood pressure among adolescents? A birth cohort study in China

Abstract

Birth weight (BW) has effects on blood pressure (BP). In order to explore the effects of macrosomia on BP in childhood and in adolescence, a longitudinal cohort study was conducted in Wuxi, China. Subjects with BW ≥4000 g, born in 1993-1995, were the exposed group; the unexposed comparisons were matched by year of birth and sex of infant, with BW of 2500-4000 g. Follow-ups in 2005-6 and 2011-12 were conducted, and height, weight and BP were measured by trained doctors. Multi-mixed models in SAS were used to control for repeated measures to explore the effects of fetal macrosomia on BP. At the inception of the cohort, 1595 pairs of participants were recruited. At the end, 1112 in the exposed group and 1126 in the unexposed group finished both follow-ups. Among adolescents, mean (s.d.) of systolic BP (SBP) was 110.83 (9.43) mm Hg, which was statistically significantly higher than that in the unexposed group (mean ± s.d.: 109.33 ± 9.26) mm Hg (P=0.0002). After adjusting the repeated measures and birth year, sex, mother's occupation and delivery age, adding weight during pregnancy, hypertension during delivery, gestational age and parity, being a picky eater in childhood, the macrosomia group had higher SBP than the normal BW group; the parameter estimate value was 1.03 (s.e.=0.30). When BMI in childhood and BMI in adolescence were added in the multi-model, the estimated β was 0.71 (s.e.=0.29). No statistically significant effect of macrosomia was found on diastolic BP among adolescents in the multianalysis.

Effect of PM2.5 on macrosomia in China: A nationwide prospective cohort study

“…Mothers of macrosomia are at increased risks of caesarean section, brachial plexus injury, shoulder dystocia, and a longer hospitalization period . Compared with neonates of normal birth weight (NBW), macrosomic infants are more likely to have birth asphyxia, hypoglycaemia, and perinatal trauma at birth and develop obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndromes, and even psychiatric disorders when they grow up …”

Effect of frozen/thawed embryo transfer on birthweight, macrosomia, and low birthweight rates in US singleton infants

“…However, FET has also been linked to large singleton infants, with increased rates of macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA, >90 th percentile of birthweight for gestational age) identified in international single- or multi-site studies (10,16) and registry studies (5,17–19). Larger birthweights have been found to increase risk for morbidity due to stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome (20), increased systolic blood pressure in adulthood (21), and increased risk of being overweight as children and adults (22).…”

Association of FTO Polymorphisms with Obesity and Metabolic Parameters in Han Chinese Adolescents

“…Although the prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity in Guangzhou in 2011 is still lower than the average values of Chinese large coastal cities, a significant increase was found in their prevalence from 2007 to 2011 [3]. Overweight and obesity are major health issues associated with the risk factors of hypertension, type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [4], [5]. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors also clearly contribute to obesity-related phenotypes, with heritability estimates ranging from over 50% to 60% for body mass index (BMI) [6], [7].…”