Is broad-scale smoke–water application always a useful tool for improving seedling emergence in post-mining restoration? Evidence from jarrah forest restoration in Western Australia

Daws, Matthew I.; Downes, Katharine A.; Koch, John M.; Willyams, David

doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.10.015

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Seed germination studies using smoke have employed a range of application methods including aerosol smoke, smoke water (smoke bubbled through water to create a concentrate), karrikinolide or ash/charate (Brown & van Staden, ; Dixon, Merritt, Flematti, & Ghisalberti, ; Enright, Goldblum, Ata, & Ashton, ). Conservation and restoration practitioners have embraced the practical applications of smoke as a treatment to improve management outcomes (Daws, Downes, Koch, & Willyams, ; Dixon et al., ; Roche, Koch, & Dixon, ; Rokich & Dixon, ), and commercial preparations of smoke extract have been developed (Brown, , ). However, smoke can also inhibit germination in some species (Adkins & Peters, ), and the thousands of compounds in smoke (Maga, ) clearly act in complex ways on seed germination (Jefferson, Pennacchio, & Havens‐Young, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad‐scale patterns in smoke‐responsive germination from the south‐eastern Australian flora

Carthey

Tims

Geedicke

et al. 2018

J Vegetation Science

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Questions:Fire is a crucial component of many ecosystems. Plants whose seeds germinate in response to smoke may benefit from resource availability in the post-fire environment. Smoke can influence germination timing and success, as well as seedling vigour, resulting in burgeoning research interest in smoke-responsive germination. Research in this field has largely focused on four key 'Mediterranean-type' fire-prone ecosystems: the Mediterranean Basin, South African fynbos, Californian chaparral and Western Australia. There are far fewer studies from south-eastern Australia, a fire-prone but not "Mediterranean-type" region. How does smokeresponsive germination in this region vary according to ecological, phylogenetic, and methodological variables?Location: South-eastern Australia. Methods:We investigated patterns of smoke-promoted germination in southeastern Australian plants across habitat types, growth forms, fire response strategies, phylogeny, taxonomic levels and smoke application methods. We compiled and interrogated data comprising 303 entries on germination responses to smoke in 233 south-eastern Australian plant species, from 33 different sources. Results:Smoke-responsive germination occurs at a lower rate (~41% of tested species) in south-eastern Australian flora than it does in fynbos and Western Australian floras, and there is clear patterning within these data. Obligate-seeding species were more likely to respond, Leguminosae and Rubiaceae were less likely to respond (although we question the generality of these results), while Poaceae were more likely to respond to smoke. Finally, studies using aerosol smoke and studies conducted in situ were most likely to find smoke-promoted germination. Conclusions:Obligate seeders and Poaceae may be selected for in habitats with higher fire frequencies, consistent with literature suggesting that short inter-fire intervals favour grasslands over forests. These findings may be particular to southeastern Australia, or more widely applicable; more broad-scale comparative research will reveal the answer. By synthesizing the south-eastern Australian smoke germination literature we broaden our understanding beyond the better-studied Mediterranean-type floras.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad‐scale patterns in smoke‐responsive germination from the south‐eastern Australian flora

Carthey

Tims

Geedicke

et al. 2018

J Vegetation Science

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“…The high levels of dormancy found in our study, with approximately half of the species tested germinating below 10%, appears to be typical of PD species in temperate Australian fire-prone ecosystems (Ooi et al, 2006;Merritt et al, 2007;Downes et al, 2014;Mackenzie et al, 2016) and their reputation as 'difficult to germinate' for practitioners aiming to utilise seeds for restoration (Dixon et al, 1995;Daws et al, 2014). Deep dormancy allows species to build up multiple cohorts of seeds into a soil seed bank (Baskin et al, 2005;Fenner and Thompson, 2005), an advantageous trait for species from these fire-prone environments, as it allows the seed bank to build for long periods between fires.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Investigation of 18 physiologically dormant Australian native species: germination response, environmental correlations and the implications for conservation

Collette

Ooi

2020

Seed Sci. Res.

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For physiologically dormant (PD) species in fire-prone environments, dormancy can be both complex due to the interaction between fire and seasonal cues, and extremely deep due to long intervals between recruitment events. Due to this complexity, there are knowledge gaps particularly surrounding the dormancy depth and cues of long-lived perennial PD species. This can be problematic for both in situ and ex situ species management. We used germination experiments that tested seasonal temperature, smoke, dark and heat for 18 PD shrub species distributed across temperate fire-prone Australia and assessed how germination was correlated with environmental factors associated with their home environments. We found extremely high levels of dormancy, with only eight species germinating above 10% and three species producing no germination at all. Seven of these eight species had quite specific seasonal temperature requirements and/or very strong responses to smoke cues. The maximum germination for each species was positively correlated with the mean temperature of the source population but negatively correlated with rainfall seasonality and driest months. The strong dependence on a smoke cue for some of the study species, along with examples from other studies, provides evidence that an obligate smoke response could be a fire-adapted germination cue. Germination response correlated with rainfall season of the source populations is a pattern which has often been assumed but little comparative data across sites with different rainfall seasonality exists. Further investigation of a broader range of species from different rainfall season environments would help to elucidate this knowledge gap.

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Enhancing Phytoremediation Potential ofPennisetum clandestinumHochst in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil Using Smoke-Water and Smoke-Isolated Karrikinolide

Okem

Kulkarni

Staden

2015

International Journal of Phytoremediation

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The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and biostimulants to enhance phytoextraction is gaining popularity in phytoremediation technology. This study investigated the stimulatory effects of smoke-water (SW), a smoke-derived compound karrikinolide (KAR1) and other known plant growth regulators (PGRs) [gibberellic acid (GA3), kinetin (Kin) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)] to enhance the phytoextraction potential of Pennisetum clandestinum. Pennisetum clandestinum seedlings were grown for 10 weeks in vermiculite using Hoagland's nutrient solution and were treated with cadmium (Cd) (2, 5, and 10 mg L(-1)) and SW, KAR1 and PGRs. KAR1 exhibited positive effects on shoot and root dry weight (140 and 137 mg respectively) at the highest concentration of Cd (10 mg L(-1)) compared to all the other treatments. KAR1 and SW treatments used in the present study significantly improved the phytoextraction potential of P. clandestinum (602 and 575 mg kg(-1) respectively) compared to the other tested PGRs. This is the first report on the use of SW and KAR1 to enhance phytoremediation potential in P. clandestinum. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of smoke constituents involved in phytoextraction potential of plant species.

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Is broad-scale smoke–water application always a useful tool for improving seedling emergence in post-mining restoration? Evidence from jarrah forest restoration in Western Australia

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

Broad‐scale patterns in smoke‐responsive germination from the south‐eastern Australian flora

Broad‐scale patterns in smoke‐responsive germination from the south‐eastern Australian flora

Investigation of 18 physiologically dormant Australian native species: germination response, environmental correlations and the implications for conservation

Enhancing Phytoremediation Potential ofPennisetum clandestinumHochst in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil Using Smoke-Water and Smoke-Isolated Karrikinolide

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