Is Arthropod Saliva the Achilles’ Heel of Vector-Borne Diseases?

Leitner, Wolfgang W.; Wali, Tonu; Denis, Adriana Costero-Saint

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00255

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In addition to differences in experimental model, different inoculation strategies have led to disparate results in the literature regarding coinfection with B. burgdorferi and B. microti . Recently, it was discovered that arthropod saliva contains a variety of proteinaceous factors that enhance a pathogen's ability to establish an initial infection in the host [ 57 ]. In many cases, such as that of Plasmodium , it appears that arthropod saliva is completely necessary for natural infection to occur.…”

Section: Experimental Design Discrepanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Coinfection withBorrelia burgdorferiandBabesia microtiin the United States

Knapp

Rice

2015

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and Babesia microti, a causative agent of babesiosis, are increasingly implicated in the growing tick-borne disease burden in the northeastern United States. These pathogens are transmitted via the bite of an infected tick vector, Ixodes scapularis, which is capable of harboring and inoculating a host with multiple pathogens simultaneously. Clinical presentation of the diseases is heterogeneous and ranges from mild flu-like symptoms to near-fatal cardiac arrhythmias. While the reason for the variability is not known, the possibility exists that concomitant infection with both B. burgdorferi and B. microti may synergistically increase disease severity. In an effort to clarify the current state of understanding regarding coinfection with B. burgdorferi and B. microti, in this review, we discuss the geographical distribution and pathogenesis of Lyme disease and babesiosis in the United States, the immunological response of humans to B. burgdorferi or B. microti infection, the existing knowledge regarding coinfection disease pathology, and critical factors that have led to ambiguity in the literature regarding coinfection, in order to eliminate confusion in future experimental design and investigation.

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Section: Experimental Design Discrepanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Coinfection withBorrelia burgdorferiandBabesia microtiin the United States

Knapp

Rice

2015

Journal of Parasitology Research

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“…The saliva of hematophagous arthropods is a complex cocktail of bioactive molecules whose main function is to facilitate blood acquisition by targeting host hemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses [1,2]. Although vector saliva originally evolved to assist blood feeding, its injection into the vertebrate skin modulates host immune responses, which in turn may affect transmission or establishment of pathogens [3][4][5]. In addition individuals repeatedly bitten by arthropods carry circulating anti-saliva antibodies that can be exploited as a tool to evaluate human exposure to disease vectors as diverse as ticks, sand flies, triatomines, tsetse flies and mosquitoes [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential antibody response to the Anopheles gambiae gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins in individuals naturally exposed to bites of malaria vectors

Rizzo

Lombardo

Ronca

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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The anti-cE5 IgG response is shown here to be a sensitive indicator of human exposure to anopheline vectors and to represent an additional tool for malaria epidemiological studies. It may be especially useful in conditions of low vector density, to monitor transiently exposed individuals (i.e. travellers/workers/soldiers spending a few months in tropical Africa) and to evaluate the impact of insecticide treated nets on vector control. Moreover, the gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins were shown to trigger in exposed individuals a strikingly different immune response with (i) gSG6 evoking a short-lived IgG response, characterized by high IgG4 levels and most likely induction of immune tolerance, and (ii) cE5 eliciting a longer-living IgG response, dominated by anti-cE5 IgG1 antibodies and not inducing tolerance mechanisms. We believe that these two antigens may represent useful reagents to further investigate the so far overlooked role of Anopheles saliva and salivary proteins in host early immune response to Plasmodium parasites.

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“…Blood-feeding arthropods secrete a vast arsenal of immunomodulatory molecules (Leitner et al, 2013;Shaw et al, 2016;Šimo et al, 2017). How these effector molecules affect immune signaling is another active area of investigation.…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, there has been a significant increase in research dedicated to the understanding of arthropods as vectors of diseases because these ailments disproportionately impact vulnerable populations around the world. Mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies, among other arthropods, secrete salivary proteins that contribute to microbial transmission (Leitner et al, 2013;Shaw et al, 2016;Šimo et al, 2017). One immune evasion strategy used by vector-borne pathogens to promote a successful infection is through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (Atayde et al, 2015;Babatunde et al, 2018;Lovo-Martins et al, 2018;Nogueira et al, 2015;Silverman et al, 2010a,b;Sisquella et al, 2017;Trocoli Torrecilhas et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Message in a vesicle – trans-kingdom intercommunication at the vector–host interface

Chávez

O’Neal

Santambrogio

et al. 2019

Journal of Cell Science

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Vector-borne diseases cause over 700,000 deaths annually and represent 17% of all infectious illnesses worldwide. This public health menace highlights the importance of understanding how arthropod vectors, microbes and their mammalian hosts interact. Currently, an emphasis of the scientific enterprise is at the vector-host interface where human pathogens are acquired and transmitted. At this spatial junction, arthropod effector molecules are secreted, enabling microbial pathogenesis and disease. Extracellular vesicles manipulate signaling networks by carrying proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and regulatory nucleic acids. Therefore, they are well positioned to aid in cell-to-cell communication and mediate molecular interactions. This Review briefly discusses exosome and microvesicle biogenesis, their cargo, and the role that nanovesicles play during pathogen spread, host colonization and disease pathogenesis. We then focus on the role of extracellular vesicles in dictating microbial pathogenesis and host immunity during transmission of vector-borne pathogens.

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Is Arthropod Saliva the Achilles’ Heel of Vector-Borne Diseases?

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Human Coinfection withBorrelia burgdorferiandBabesia microtiin the United States

Human Coinfection withBorrelia burgdorferiandBabesia microtiin the United States

Differential antibody response to the Anopheles gambiae gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins in individuals naturally exposed to bites of malaria vectors

Message in a vesicle – trans-kingdom intercommunication at the vector–host interface

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