Differential antibody response to the Anopheles gambiae gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins in individuals naturally exposed to bites of malaria vectors

Rizzo, Cinzia; Lombardo, Fabrizio; Ronca, Raffaele; Mangano, Valentina; Sirima, Sodiomon B.; Nébié, Issa; Fiorentino, Gabriella; Modiano, David; Arcà, Bruno

doi:10.1186/preaccept-1880458544143935

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…The lower community seroprevalence in 2013 compared to 2002 is consistent with the published association with transmission intensity [27, 61, 62]. The lower responses in the older age groups observed in both villages in 2013 are in line with the reported tolerance response in the older subjects [33, 63, 64]. The large heterogeneity of antibody levels observed in the young children in Dielmo in 2013 is surprising, as antibodies to gSG6 have been reported to be negatively associated with the use of LLIns in young children [65].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Serological signatures of declining exposure following intensification of integrated malaria control in two rural Senegalese communities

et al. 2017

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Recent control scale-up has reduced malaria in many areas but new tools are needed to monitor further progress, including indicators of decreasing exposure to parasite infection. Although serology is considered a promising approach in this regard, the serological impact of control interventions has been so far studied using indirect quantification of exposure. Cohort surveys concomitantly recording entomological and malariometric indices have been conducted in two Senegalese settings where supervised control intensification implemented in 2006 shifted malaria from historically holoendemic in Dielmo and mesoendemic in Ndiop to hypoendemic in both settings by 2013. We analyse here serological signatures of declining transmission using archived blood samples. Responses against ten pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic antigens from Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae alongside an Anopheles gambiae salivary gland antigen were analysed. Cross-sectional surveys conducted before (2002) and after (2013) control intensification showed a major impact of control intensification in both settings. The age-associated prevalence, magnitude and breadth of the IgG responses to all antigens were village-specific in 2002. In 2013, remarkably similar patterns were observed in both villages, with marginal responses against all parasite antigens in the 0-5y children and reduced responses in all previously seropositive age groups. Waning of humoral responses of individuals who were immune at the time of control intensification was studied from 2006 to 2013 using yearly samplings. Longitudinal data were analysed using the Cochran-Armittage trend test and an age-related reversible catalytic conversion model. This showed that the antigen-specific antibody declines were more rapid in older children than adults. There was a strong association of antibody decline with the declining entomological inoculation rate. We thus identified serological markers of declining exposure to malaria parasites that should help future monitoring of progress towards malaria elimination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Serological signatures of declining exposure following intensification of integrated malaria control in two rural Senegalese communities

et al. 2017

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“…We therefore used gSG6 antibody responses as a proxy for vector exposure 19 20 . Antibody responses to gSG6 did not show any significant increase with age but the the age-dependent tolerance that has been shown elsewhere was not observed 38 . The lack of an age trend may be related to the short-lived nature of the response 39 and limits their value in analysis using the present modelling approach.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

Antibody acquisition models: A new tool for serological surveillance of malaria transmission intensity

Yman

White

Rono

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Serology has become an increasingly important tool for the surveillance of a wide range of infectious diseases. It has been particularly useful to monitor malaria transmission in elimination settings where existing metrics such as parasite prevalence and incidence of clinical cases are less sensitive. Seroconversion rates, based on antibody prevalence to Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage antigens, provide estimates of transmission intensity that correlate with entomological inoculation rates but lack precision in settings where seroprevalence is still high. Here we present a new and widely applicable method, based on cross-sectional data on individual antibody levels. We evaluate its use as a sero-surveillance tool in a Tanzanian setting with declining malaria prevalence. We find that the newly developed mathematical models produce more precise estimates of transmission patterns, are robust in high transmission settings and when sample sizes are small, and provide a powerful tool for serological evaluation of malaria transmission intensity.In order to reduce the global malaria burden and achieve control, or even elimination, robust estimates of malaria transmission intensity are required for the strategic planning, implementation and evaluation of interventions [1][2][3][4] . Efficient monitoring of malaria transmission intensity depends on tools that produce reliable estimates across a wide range of transmission settings 5,6 . Such tools should preferably integrate information about both parasite and vector populations to capture the current level of transmission intensity as well as the transmission potential in areas where parasite carriage has decreased but vector populations persist [6][7][8][9] . Traditionally, transmission intensity has been estimated by a variety of techniques such as spleen rates, parasite prevalence or entomological inoculation rates (EIR) 2 . EIR has been considered the gold standard among metrics 10 , but is expensive and labour intensive to evaluate and estimates are often imprecise (especially when transmission is low) due to marked heterogeneity of both malaria transmission and vector distribution [10][11][12] . In addition, single-time point evaluation of parasite prevalence or EIR provides limited information about past transmission intensity 13,14 . Cumulative exposure to P. falciparum, however, can be estimated by evaluation of antibody responses to P. falciparum blood-stage antigens [15][16][17] . In addition, exposure to Anopheles mosquitoes can be evaluated through antibody responses to An. gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gSG6) [18][19][20] . Existing methods for serological evaluation of malaria transmission have largely been based on cross-sectional data on antibody prevalence and on estimation of seroconversion rates (SCR) using serocatalytic models as shown by Drakeley et al. 15 . Although SCR based estimates have been extended to evaluate temporal changes 21-23 and provide robust information about medium and long-term trends of transmission intensity, they ...

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“…In addition to their immunogenicity, gSG6 and cE5 SBs are specific to anopheline mosquitoes. These two SBs present different features: gSG6 induces a short lived IgG4 response compared to a longer lived IgG1 response produced against the cE5 protein [ 21 ]. However, SB based on whole recombinant protein may contain more than one epitope.…”

Section: Development and Evolutionof Salivary Biomarkers (Sb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Doucouré

Drame

2015

Insects

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Vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. However, the classical entomo-parasitological methods used to evaluate the human exposure to mosquito bites and the effectiveness of control strategies are indirect, labor intensive, and lack sensitivity in low exposure/transmission areas. Therefore, they are limited in their accuracy and widespread use. Studying the human antibody response against the mosquito salivary proteins has provided new biomarkers for a direct and accurate evaluation of the human exposure to mosquito bites, at community and individual levels. In this review, we discuss the development, applications and limits of these biomarkers applied to Aedes- and Anopheles-borne diseases.

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Differential antibody response to the Anopheles gambiae gSG6 and cE5 salivary proteins in individuals naturally exposed to bites of malaria vectors

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Serological signatures of declining exposure following intensification of integrated malaria control in two rural Senegalese communities

Serological signatures of declining exposure following intensification of integrated malaria control in two rural Senegalese communities

Antibody acquisition models: A new tool for serological surveillance of malaria transmission intensity

Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

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