Is agoraphobia a variant of panic disorder or a separate illness?

Noyes, Russell; Clancy, John; Garvey, Michael J.; Anderson, Dorothy J.

doi:10.1016/0887-6185(87)90018-1

Cited by 63 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The high proportion of patients with ago raphobia and/or simple or social phobia in addition to panic attacks and cardiac phobia is to be expected, because anxiety disorder sel dom occur in a pure form [33], The finding that a concomitant agoraphobia was predictive of an unfavorable course has also been reported in other studies on panic patients [22,34],…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Prognosis of Cardiac Phobia

Nutzinger¹,

Cayiroglu²,

Grünberger³

et al. 1990

Psychopathology

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The 36 inpatients who entered this prospective study were admitted to hospital because of cardiac phobia. Their treatment consisted of a behavior therapy program. Twenty-nine of them could be reexamined after 2½ years: 41 % were free of symptoms during more than 75 % of the follow-up period; 59% suffered recurrences of their anxiety. One patient had committed suicide. A lower educational level, being single, and interpersonal difficulties and conflicts were the sociodemographic factors associated with a poor prognosis; a long pretreatment period of illness and the presence of depression or agoraphobia on admission were significantly more frequently correlated with an unfavorable outcome. The onset sequence of depression, agoraphobia and anxiety attacks was also of prognostic relevance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Prognosis of Cardiac Phobia

Nutzinger¹,

Cayiroglu²,

Grünberger³

et al. 1990

Psychopathology

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“…Studies have shown [10][11][12] that the clinical setting in which patients seek help for their panic symptoms influences symptom presentation. Vestibular and imbalance symptoms are usually found among individuals with panic attacks attending an otolaryngology clinic [11] and are more likely to be associated with phobic disorders [14][15][16]. The low frequency of vestibular symptoms in our panic patients could be because only 1 individual had been referred from an otolaryngology service with uncomplicated panic disorder being the most common diagnosis (45%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Agoraphobic patients as compared with those having uncomplicated panic disorders commonly report cognitive symptoms such as fear of loss of control [13], depersonalization, and vestibular symptoms [14][15][16]. Panic patients with prominent depersonalization and derealization experience a higher degree of agoraphobic avoidance [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More panic patients from Southern Europe and South America had fear of dying as compared with patients from Northern Europe and the USA [18]. In a study from Spain [9], fewer panic patients experienced the cognitive symptom of 'fear of going crazy' or 'losing control' as compared with patients from the USA [1][2][3]14] and the UK [19]. Shiori et al [20] noted that the frequency of depersonalization in panic disorders in Japan was low as compared with that reported in Western countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study of the Phenomenology of Panic Attacks in Patients from India

Neerakal

Srinivasan²

2003

Psychopathology

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We studied the symptom structure of panic attacks in 94 patients attending an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Autonomic symptoms of anxiety were reported by the majority of the panic patients. As compared with studies from the West, certain cognitive symptoms, such as fear of loss of control and depersonalization, and vestibular symptoms were endorsed by fewer panic patients. The majority of our panic patients tended to seek help initially from physicians and medical specialists. The majority of the patients also did not experience some DSM-IV symptoms as part of their panic attacks. Comorbid psychiatric conditions influenced the symptom structure of panic attacks. A higher number of agoraphobics as compared with patients with uncomplicated panic disorders had the symptoms of fear of loss of control and fainting. Our findings support the notion that the experience of panic attacks is variable and differs across cultures.

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“…In a second study by Noyes et al (1987) 22 patients had no phobic avoidance, 32 patients had limited phobic avoidance, and 28 patients had extensive phobic avoidance. Interviewers rated over 75% of the patients with extensive phobic avoidance as having had a more severe illness compared to 40% or less of those with no phobic avoidance, and those with limited avoidance.…”

Section: M Hedley and A Hoffartmentioning

confidence: 96%

Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder

Hedley

Hoffart

2001

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the validity of the DSMdiagnosis agoraphobia without history of panic disorder. The question posed is whether agoraphobia without history of panic disorder is a separate entity, or whether it is related to panic disorder. Research papers, including population-based as well as clinical studies, have been reviewed. The inconclusiveness of the research together with methodological deficits do not constitute sufficient evidence to conclude that agoraphobia without history of panic disorder is a separate category.

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Is agoraphobia a variant of panic disorder or a separate illness?

Cited by 63 publications

References 21 publications

Prognosis of Cardiac Phobia

Prognosis of Cardiac Phobia

A Study of the Phenomenology of Panic Attacks in Patients from India

Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder

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