Irreversible impacts of heat on the emissions of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenolic BVOC and green leaf volatiles from several tree species

Abstract

Abstract. Climate change will induce extended heat waves to parts of the vegetation more frequently. High temperatures may act as stress (thermal stress) on plants changing emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). As BVOCs impact the atmospheric oxidation cycle and aerosol formation, it is important to explore possible alterations of BVOC emissions under high temperature conditions. Applying heat to European beech, Palestine oak, Scots pine, and Norway spruce in a laboratory setup either caused the well-known exponential increases of BVOC emissions or induced irreversible changes of BVOC emissions. Considering only irreversible changes of BVOC emissions as stress impacts, we found that high temperatures decreased the de novo emissions of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic BVOC. This behaviour was independent of the tree species and whether the de novo emissions were constitutive or induced by biotic stress.In contrast, application of thermal stress to conifers amplified the release of monoterpenes stored in resin ducts of conifers and induced emissions of green leaf volatiles. In particular during insect attack on conifers, the plants showed de novo emissions of sesquiterpenes and phenolic BVOCs, which exceeded constitutive monoterpene emissions from pools. The heat-induced decrease of de novo emissions was larger than the increased monoterpene release caused by damage of resin ducts. For insect-infested conifers the net effect of thermal stress on BVOC emissions could be an overall decrease.Global change-induced heat waves may put hard thermal stress on plants. If so, we project that BVOC emissions increase is more than predicted by models only in areas predominantly covered with conifers that do not emit high amounts of sesquiterpenes and phenolic BVOCs. Otherwise overall effects of high temperature stress will be lower increases of BVOC emissions than predicted by algorithms that do not consider stress impacts.

The Influence of Absolute Mass Loading of Secondary Organic Aerosols on Their Phase State

“…Cis-3-Hexenyl Acetate (CHA) and Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol (HXL) Several studies have considered the effect of GLVs on SOA formation [41,64,65], and progress has been made in understanding the oxidation pathways to SOA formation from CHA and HXL via ozonolysis [66,67]. The alkene ozonolysis mechanism is described in detail elsewhere [68][69][70][71][72].…”

Impacts of simulated herbivory on volatile organic compound emission profiles from coniferous plants

“…This is an important consideration because different VOCs, even within the same class of compounds, can vary by orders of magnitude in their chemical reactivity (Atkinson and Arey, 1998). A variety of stress exposure studies have been performed investigating BVOC emission changes due to ozone exposure (Heiden et al, 1999;Vuorinen et al, 2004), salt stress (Loreto and Delfine, 2000;Teuber et al, 2008), increased CO 2 (Calfapietra et al, 2009;Constable et al, 1999), enhanced radiation (Harley et al, 1996), drought and/or high temperatures (Kleist et al, 2012;Niinemets, 2010;Niinemets et al, 2010), herbivory (Achotegui-Castells et al, 2013;Copolovici et al, 2011;Engelberth et al, 2004), and pathogen attack (Jansen et al, 2009a;Toome et al, 2010). A thorough review on this topic was presented by Peñuelas and Staudt (2010).…”

Biotic stress: a significant contributor to organic aerosol in Europe?

“…The strength and pattern of the plant emissions are measured by GC-MS (e.g. Kleist et al, 2012) in the outflow of the plant chamber, i.e. in absence of oxidants and chemical reactions.…”

“…Arneth and Niinemets, 2010;Amin et al, 2012Amin et al, , 2013Berg et al, 2013), but they are also affected by other stressors like heat or drought (e.g. Kleist et al, 2012). In this paper we will collectively denote these emissions as stress-induced emissions (SIE).…”