Irradiation of Parts of Individual Cells

Zirkle, Raymond E.; Bloom, William

doi:10.1126/science.117.3045.487

Cited by 183 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…For instance, prometaphase and metaphase chromosomes are sticky structures that readily form chromosomal bridges when there is rapid change in the ionic environment and when given UV microbeam irradiation (9,27). Chromosomes in early anaphase are less sticky and easily untwine from each other.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of mitotic poisons on spindles and chromosomes in dividing newt lung epithelia.

Washio

Sato

1982

Cell Struct. Funct.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of mitotic poisons on spindles and chromosomes in dividing newt lung epithelia.

Washio

Sato

1982

Cell Struct. Funct.

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“…When coupled in a creative manner to a UV microbeam and a cinematographic system, these new imaging modes allowed researchers to cut or destroy selected components, and then to follow the subsequent behavior of the cell. Zirkle and colleagues (Uretz et al, 1954;Zirkle and Bloom, 1953), for example, combined a UV microbeam with a phase-contrast microscope to prove (the already well-known fact) that destroying the kinetochore region of a chromosome inhibits motion of the chromosome. In a more biologically successful project, Forer (1965) combined a UV microbeam and polarization light microscopy to show that once severed, spindle (kinetochore) fibers in the cranefly spermatocyte regrew from the chromosome to the spindle pole.…”

Section: B the Middle Years: Laser-based Microirradiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This dullness prompted investigators to experiment with alternative irradiation sources, often choosing those that simply already existed in a laboratory. These included, for example, the proton and α-particle beams of Zirkle and Bloom (1953) and Winson (1965), respectively. The latter study is a perfect example of what biologists are willing to cope with on the quest to understand how cells work.…”

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confidence: 99%

Laser Microsurgery in the GFP Era: A Cell Biologist's Perspective

Magidson

Lončarek

Hergert

et al. 2007

Methods in Cell Biology

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Modern biology is based largely on a reductionistic "dissection" approach-most cell biologists try to determine how complex biological systems work by removing their individual parts and studying the effects of this removal on the system. A variety of enzymatic and mechanical methods have been developed to dissect large cell assemblies like tissues and organs. Further, individual proteins can be inactivated or removed within a cell by genetic manipulations (e.g., RNAi or gene knockouts). However, there is a growing demand for tools that allow intracellular manipulations at the level of individual organelles. Laser microsurgery is ideally suited for this purpose and the popularity of this approach is on the rise among cell biologists. In this chapter, we review some of the applications for laser microsurgery at the subcellular level and describe practical requirements for laser microsurgery instrumentation demanded in the field. We also outline a relatively inexpensive but versatile laser microsurgery workstation that is being used in our laboratory. Our major thesis is that the limitations of the technology are no longer at the level of the laser, microscope, or software, but instead only in defining creative questions and in visualizing the target to be destroyed.At last in an incredible manner he [Archimedes] burned up the whole Roman fleet. For by tilting a kind of mirror toward the sun he concentrated the sun's beam upon it; and owing to the thickness and smoothness of the mirror he ignited the air from this beam and kindled a great flame, the whole of which he directed upon the ships that lay at anchor in the path of the fire, until he consumed them all.1 I. History of the Field A. The Genesis of "Micro-Photo-Surgery"The origins of Cell Biology as a branch of "natural philosophy" can be traced to the English polymath Robert Hooke who, using a hand-crafted, leather and goldtooled compound light microscope (LM), published a book containing elaborate drawings of magnified objects which he called Micrographia. In this book, which became an immediate best-seller (and has been reprinted countless times), Hooke used the term "cell" to describe the repeating units seen in magnified slices of cork that resembled the monk cells of a monastery. Ironically, these repeating units were not actual cells but rather just the cellulose walls that surround cells in plant tissues. It took another 175 years of optical development and exploration, before Schleiden and Schwann (1839) convincingly asserted that cells are the fundamental building blocks of all life. In 1855, the Prussian physician and politician Virchow postulated that cells arise only from preexisting cells by reproduction and cannot be formed de novo from amorphous "living matter" or "protoplasma." This principle, which Virchow eloquently 1 Dio's Roman History, translated by Earnest Cary Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1914, Vol. II, p. 171. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptMethods Cell Biol. Author manuscript; availabl...

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“…The report summarizes existing knowledge on the energy spectrum of galactic heavy primaries and analyzes the microdlosimetric pattern of energy dissipation in tissue. It is shown that the LET distribution shows a steep negative slope with the frequency of events decreasing steeply with increasing LET down to less than one event per cm 3 tissue per dlay at 4000 key/m.,icron tissue. Assessing the HZE particle hazard requires new approaches in both radiobiological experimentation and dosimetric instrumentation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dosimetric Characteristics of HZE Particles in Space.

Schaefer¹

1972

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The name HZE Particles has become customary for the small fraction of galactic heavy primaries with Linear Energy Transfer (LET) values substantially larger than those of conventional nuclear radiations. HZE particles represent a component of ionizing radiation in space that is essentially unexplored as to its biological significance. Although cellular destruction by single hits has been demonstrated in pilot experiments, broader information on dose/effect relationships is missing. General agreement seems to exist merely on the negative proposition that conventional dosimetric concepts and units are rnot applicable. Eye flashes experienced by the astronauts on lunar missions, presumably triggered by HZE particles, have deepened concern lest microlesions from HZE particles might pose a subtle yet insidious hazard especially for non-proliferating cell systems in the human body, such as the CNS.The composition of the primary spectrum of HZE particles in space as well as the physical characteristics of their interaction with matter are well understood. However, the pertinent information reported by physicists usually is presented in terms not directly suitable for dosimetric interpretation. This report attempts to present the basic data on the physics of HZE particles with special consideration of the needs of the experimenter planning to study effects on biological systems. FINDINGSDiscrepancies between energy spectra of galactic heavy primaries reported by various investigators require establishing a compromise model before flux densities and hit frequencies in special targets are analyzed. For better descriptiveness, the model is converted to the range spectrum which allows direct reading of flu:: densities for varying shield thickness or target depth. The iron group (Z = 24 to 28) as the heaviest component of th -HZE particle spectrum is selected for detailed analysis. It is shown that the LET distribution shows a steep negative slope with hit frequencies dropping to less than one hit of maximum LET per cc tissue per 24 hours. As an alternate way of presentation, the LET distribution is also established in terms of integral track length which furnishes a more complete picture of the energy dissipation pattern i tissue. The problems posed by the peculiar LET distribution of HZE particle irradiation for the design of both radiobiological experimentation and dosimetric instrumentation are pointed out.ii

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Irradiation of Parts of Individual Cells

Cited by 183 publications

References 4 publications

Differential effects of mitotic poisons on spindles and chromosomes in dividing newt lung epithelia.

Differential effects of mitotic poisons on spindles and chromosomes in dividing newt lung epithelia.

Laser Microsurgery in the GFP Era: A Cell Biologist's Perspective

Dosimetric Characteristics of HZE Particles in Space.

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