Irradiation Effects on Midguts and Testes of the Adult Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis, Determined by Histological and Shielding Studies

Riemann, John G.; Flint, H. M.

doi:10.1093/aesa/60.2.298

Cited by 39 publications

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“…The non-targeted effects include the bystander effect (observed following exposure to less than 0.2 Gy in particular) in the non-irradiated cells near the irradiated cells and genomic instability in the F 1 and F 2 offspring [27,93-106]. These effects might have occurred in irradiated larvae and pupae in our study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

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The Fukushima nuclear accident and the pale grass blue butterfly: evaluating biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures

et al. 2013

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BackgroundOn August 9th 2012, we published an original research article in Scientific Reports, concluding that artificial radionuclides released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant exerted genetically and physiologically adverse effects on the pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha in the Fukushima area. Immediately following publication, many questions and comments were generated from all over the world. Here, we have clarified points made in the original paper and answered questions posed by the readers.ResultsThe following points were clarified. (1) There are many advantages to using the pale grass blue butterfly as an indicator species. (2) The forewings of the individuals collected in Fukushima were significantly smaller than in the northern and southern localities. (3) We observed growth retardation in the butterflies from the Fukushima area. (4) The aberrant colour patterns in the butterflies obtained in the Fukushima area were different from the colour patterns induced by temperature and sibling crosses but similar to those induced by external and internal exposures to the artificial radionuclides and by a chemical mutagen, suggesting that genetic mutations caused the aberrations. (5) This species of butterfly has been plentiful in Fukushima area for at least half a century. We here present specimens collected from Fukushima Prefecture before the accident. (6) Mutation accumulation was detected by the increase in the abnormality rates from May 2011 to September 2011. (7) The abnormal traits were heritable. (8) Our sampling localities were not affected by the tsunami. (9) We used a high enough number of samples to obtain statistically significant results. (10) The standard rearing method was followed, producing normal adults in the control groups. (11) The exposure experiments successfully reproduced the results of the field work. This species of butterfly is vulnerable to long-term low-dose internal and external exposures; however, insect cells are known to be resistant to short-term high-dose irradiation. This discrepancy is reconcilable based on the differences in the experimental conditions.ConclusionsWe are just beginning to understand the biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures in animals. Further research is necessary to accurately assess the possible biological effects of the accident.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Importantly, we reproduced this size reduction in the external and internal exposure experiments [1], although the mechanisms remain unclear. The irradiation effects in the midgut cause nutrient deficiency in adult weevils [27]. A similar effect could contribute to the wing-size reduction in the irradiated Z. maha individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fukushima nuclear accident and the pale grass blue butterfly: evaluating biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures

et al. 2013

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“…That the dosedependent mortality becomes demonstrable when sufficiently high doses were used is significant because it offers a link between the conflicting reports in the literature regarding insect radiation response. Therefore, the dose-independent mode of death in these species is due to intestinal damage (Lee, 1964;Riemann & Flint, 1967;Ashraf etal., 1971), analogous to the intestinal mode of death in mammals. The distinct differences in the mortality time course and dose-dependency strongly suggest two different modes of death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many adult insect species succumb to moderate (lethal-midlethal) doses of radiation, from several Gy in Anthonomus (Flint et al, 1966) to tens of Gy in Tribolium (Ducoff et al, 1971;Glenn & Ducoff, 1976), while some others, primarily the wasps (Clark & Rubin, 1961) and the dipterans (Stahler & Terzian, 1963;Atlan etal., 1970;Allen & Sohal, 1982) require high doses in hundreds of Gy. There is substantial evidence from partial body irradiation (Lee, 1964), from histological studies (Riemann & Flint, 1967;Ashraf et al, 1971) and from dose-fractionation studies , that the dose-independent pattern represents a mode of death which is the consequence of damage to the proliferative cells in the mid-gut epithelium. In the more sensitive group, death occurs within a restricted post-irradiation time period, the onset and duration of which are independent of dose, so that there is a characteristic acute LDso associated with each particular insect species or strain.…”

Section: Lntroductio~lmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐dose mode of death in Tribolium

Cheng

Ducoff

1989

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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This study reports the first demonstration within a single insect genus (Tribolium) of both the acute, or lethal-midlethal, dose-independent pattern of mortality, and the hyperacute, dose-dependent pattern, after appropriate doses of ionizing radiation. This demonstration provides resolution of apparently contradictory reports of insect responses in terms of doses required to cause lethality and those based on survival time as a function of dose. A dose-dependent mortality pattern was elicited in adult Tribolium receiving high doses, viz., 300 Gy or greater; its time-course was complete in 10 days, before the dose-independent m~rtality began. Visual observations of heavily-irradiated Tribolium suggested neural and/or neuromuscular damage, as had been previously proposed by others for lethally-irradiated wasps, flies, and mosquitoes. Results of experiments using fractionated high doses supported the suggestion that the hypeIacute or high-dose mode of death is the result of damage to nonproliferative tissues. Relative resistance of a strain to the hyperacute or high-dose mode of death is not necessarily correlated with resistance to the midlethal mode, which is believed to be the result of damage to the proliferative cells of the midgut.

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“…Present observations have shown that females subjected to sterilizing doses of gamma irradiation were similar to virgins in this respect. Riemann & Flint (1967) showed that sub-sterilizing doses of gamma irradiation damaged the digestive epithelium of the boll-weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Galun & Warburg (1968) found that gamma irradiation slowed the rate of digestion of blood meals in the tick O. tholozani.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BLOOD MEAL UTILISATION AND FLIGHT MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE TSETSE‐FLY GLOSSINA AUSTEN1, FOLLOWING STERILIZING DOSES OF GAMMA IRRADIATION

Langley

Abasa

1970

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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It has been determined that puparia of Glossina austeni Newstead which have completed two thirds of their intra‐puparial life are less sensitive to gamma irradiation than earler stages. Mortality of these older puparia increases progressively when they are subjected to doses ranging from 8 to 20 k rad. A dose of 10 k rad effectively sterilizes males and approximately 80% of puparia so treated during the last third of their development survive and produce adults. The secretion of midgut proteolytic enzymes and digestion of blood meals is apparently normal after such treatment. Feeding frequency, meal size, fat body development, longevity and thoracic flight musculature development during a period of 17 days following emergence from the puparium were not affected by sterilizing doses of gamma irradiation. It is therefore concluded that laboratory reared G. austeni might successfully be used to evaluate the sterile male method for the control of these insects in the field. Zusammenfassung VERWERTUNG DES AUFGENOMMENEN BLUTES UND ENTWICKLUNG DER FLUGMUSKELN BEI DER TSETSEFLIEGE GLOSSINA AUSTENI NACH STERILISIERUNG DURCH GAMMASTRAHLEN Puppen von G. austeni werden durch 10 K rad Gammastrahlen getötet, wenn die Bestrahlung vor dem 10. Tag des Puppenstadiums erfolgt. In der Folge steigt die Überlebensrate allmählich bis auf ungefähr 80% an, wenn Puppen im Alter von über 20 Tagen bestrahlt werden. Die Empfindlichkeit dieser älteren Puppen nimmt mit höheren Gammastrahlendosen zu, wobei eine Mindestüberlebensrate von 40% bei 20 K rad erreicht wird. Durch eine Dosis von 10 K rad werden Männchen wirksam sterilisiert und bei ungefähr 80% der im Alter von über 20 Tagen bestrahlten Puppen ist mit einem Überleben bis zur Entwicklung des erwachsenen Insekts zu rechnen. Bei der Entwicklung der proteolytischen Enzymaktivität im mittleren Darmabschnitt 24 Stunden nach der ersten Blutaufnahme konnte zwischen bestrahlten und unbestrahlten Fliegen kein merklicher Unterschied beobachtet werden. Dies gilt für Insekten, die als Puppen mit 10 K rad sowie für solche, die sofort nach dem Ausschlüpfen mit 15 K rad bestrahlt wurden. Die Häufigkeit der Nahrungsaufnahme, die aufgenommene Nahrungsmenge und die Lebensdauer wurden durch sterilisierende Gammastrahlendosen innerhalb von 17 Tagen nach dem Ausschlüpfen nicht beeinflusst. Bei weiblichen Fliegen war die Nahrungsaufnahme grösser als bei Männchen und die Entwicklung der Fettkörper wurde durch die Bestrahlung nicht beeinträchtigt. Die posttenerale Entwicklung der thorakalen Flugmuskulatur erfolgte bei bestrahlten und unbestrahlten Fliegen gleichartig. Wir gelangten deshalb zu dem Schluss, daß im Laboratorium gezüchtete G. austeni mit Erfolg verwendet werden könnten, um die Wirkung der Männchensterilisation bei der Bekämpfung des Insekts in Befallsgebieten zu beurteilen.

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Irradiation Effects on Midguts and Testes of the Adult Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis, Determined by Histological and Shielding Studies

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

The Fukushima nuclear accident and the pale grass blue butterfly: evaluating biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures

The Fukushima nuclear accident and the pale grass blue butterfly: evaluating biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures

High‐dose mode of death in Tribolium

BLOOD MEAL UTILISATION AND FLIGHT MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE TSETSE‐FLY GLOSSINA AUSTEN1, FOLLOWING STERILIZING DOSES OF GAMMA IRRADIATION

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