Ironies of automation

A Cognitive Support Framework for Ontology Mapping

“…Automation sometimes introduces complexity or frustration, e.g., the endless menu options in automated phone systems. Brainbridge observed that automation provides the least assistance when we need it most, as generally, we can only automate rudimentary tasks [3]. This is supported by the previously discussed user evaluation of PROMPT and Chimaera.…”

The Interaction Between Humans and Autonomous Agents

“…At the same time, the psychological effects of the passive role of the system monitor, such as reduced attentiveness or activation, have caused massive safety problems [6]. Brainbridge [7] speaks of the "irony of automation"-system functions are automated due to the fallibility of humans, and yet precisely this human is supposed to monitor the system and stand by as a fallback option in case of emergency.…”

CityMobil

“…loss of situation awareness, high or too low workload, and possible loss of skill (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Automation of tasks originally performed by human operators can have negative effects for the efficiency and safety of humanmachine-systems, because the task of the operator often changes from actively operating to passively monitoring the system (11). In case of system failures, the passive monitor suddenly needs to become an active driver again, requiring a fast response to a dangerous situation.…”

“…In case of a system error there is a sudden and possibly unmanageable increase in workload, requiring the driver to quickly and efficiently reclaim control of the driving task that is if the driver even notices! Bainbridge (11) warns that with high automation the task of managing an error or fault in the system becomes more difficult. The human operator either has to be exactly familiar with how the system works, or be provided with adequate feedback and information about whether or not the system is working effectively.…”