Although in smaller prostate cancer xenografts both radionuclides seemed to be equally effective after prostate-specific antigen promoter-mediated NIS gene delivery, a superior therapeutic effect has been demonstrated for (188)Re in larger tumors.
Due to limited treatment options the prognosis of patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has remained poor. To investigate an alternative therapeutic approach, we examined the feasibility of radioiodine therapy of HCC following human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene transfer using a mouse a-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter construct to target NIS expression to HCC cells. For this purpose, the murine Hepa 1-6 and the human HepG2 hepatoma cell lines were stably transfected with NIS cDNA under the control of the tumor-specific AFP promoter. The stably transfected Hepa 1-6 cell line showed a 10-fold increase in iodide accumulation, while HepG2 cells accumulated 125 I approximately 60-fold. Tumor-specific NIS expression was confirmed on mRNA level by northern blot analysis, and on protein level by immunostaining, that revealed primarily membrane-associated NIS-specific immunoreactivity.In an in vitro clonogenic assay up to 78% of NIS-transfected Hepa 1-6 and 93% of HepG2 cells were killed by
The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered an effective policy strategy to meet greenhouse gas reduction targets. For large-scale adoption, however, demand-side oriented policy measures are required, based on consumers' transport needs, values and social norms.We introduce an empirically grounded, spatially explicit, agent-based model, InnoMind Innovation diffusion driven by changing MINDs), to simulate the effects of policy interventions and social influence on consumers' transport mode preferences. The agents in this model represent individual consumers. They are calibrated based on empirically derived attributes and characteristics of survey respondents. We model agent decision-making with artificial neural networks that account for the role of emotions in information processing. We present simulations of 4 scenarios for the diffusion of EVs in the city of Berlin, Germany (3 policy scenarios and 1 base case). The results illustrate the varying effectiveness of measures in different market segments and the need for appropriate policies tailored to the heterogeneous needs of different travelers. Moreover, the simulations suggest that introducing an exclusive zone for EVs in the city would accelerate the early-phase diffusion of EVs more effectively than financial incentives only.Keywords: electric vehicles, innovation diffusion, emotion, agent-based model, parallel constraint satisfaction network, social influence Changing minds about electric cars 3 Changing minds about electric cars: An empirically grounded agent-based modeling approach IntroductionElectric vehicles (EVs-Plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles) are seen as a promising technology to reduce carbon emissions and achieve the transition to more sustainable transport. Comprehensive investment in research and development, e.g. in battery technology, is essential to achieve these goals, but technological development alone will not ensure the large-scale diffusion of such innovations. For successful dissemination of new technologies it is also necessary to address the demand side (e.g. Ozaki & Sevastyanova, 2011; Schuitema, Anable, Skippon, & Kinnear, 2012;Tran, Banister, Bishop, & McCulloch, 2012). To this end,we have developed an agent-based model of consumer perceptions and decisions related to innovation adoption in sustainable transport.While focused on EVs as a technological innovation, our model also helps to answer questions about broader social innovations; i.e., changes in habits and behavioral patterns related to transport. In particular, increasing the use of public transport, bicycles, and car sharing is considered by some as the more important challenge when it comes to organizing the societal transition to more sustainable transport (e.g., Graham-Rowe, Skippon, Gardner, & Abraham, 2011;Kemp & J., 2004;Köhler et al., 2009;Nykvist & Whitmarsh, 2008). Even more than technology adoption, large-scale changes in behavioral patterns depend on the decisions of individual consumers. Numerous studies in psychology have ...
A major controversy in the social cognitive neurosciences evolved around the question whether activity in the posterior superior temporal sulcus and adjacent temporoparietal junction (pSTS/TPJ-region) evoked by various tasks represents a common process or distinct processes. To investigate this question, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants performed Biological Motion (BM), Theory-of-Mind (ToM) and Moral Judgment (MJ) tasks. Importantly, for each task we used the same newly developed animated stimuli. Indicative of a common process, we identified small clusters of overlapping activity for BM and ToM in right pSTS and for ToM and MJ in bilateral pSTS and left TPJ. Indicative of distinct processes, on the contrary, we detected extensive dissociable activity for BM in right pSTS, for ToM in bilateral pSTS and left TPJ, and for MJ in bilateral pSTS and TPJ. Thus, our data provide strong evidence for a combined two-staged process account: (i) the parsing of a stream of visual-spatial information, represented by activity in right pSTS, where neighboring and overlapping clusters of increased responses were found for all three tasks; (ii) increasingly more complex processing of the communicative significance of other people's behavior, represented by hierarchically increasing activity in left pSTS and bilateral TPJ elicited by ToM and MJ.
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