Iron‐Phosphate‐Based Cathode Materials for Cost‐Effective Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Development, Challenges, and Prospects

Abstract

development, it is urgent to rummage and exploit renewable energy for instance solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, and tidal energy, etc. Large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) are necessary and critical to integrate the above-mentioned intermittent energy into a continuous energy system, among which the electrochemical energy storage device is the most convenient, stable, and effective way for grid-connected forthputting. [2] Lithiumion batteries have been commercialized in the fields of electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and electric tools, etc. since the 1990s. [3] Notably, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), one of the most important cathode materials for LIBs, is a potential candidate for large-scale energy storage due to its long lifespan, low toxicity, and outstanding thermal stability.

Unlocking the multi-electron transfer reaction in NASICON-type cathode materials

“…Fe-based phosphate compounds play a dominant role in NIB cathode research, which is encouraged by the success of LiFePO 4 [97]. As shown in figures 4(b) and (c), the low cost and high resource abundance [23] of Fe/Na match the requirements of large-scale energy storage devices.…”

Transition Metal Oxalate-Based Materials: An Emerging Material Family for Alkali-Ion Battery Cathodes

“…The oxalate anion linker has shown superexchange pathways in magnetic materials, , but the ability for electronic communication does not translate to good electronic conductivity because of the insufficient orbital overlap and subtleties in the molecular orbitals of the oxalate anion . General strategies to improve the electronic conductivity of the materials include carbon coating and ion doping. − As a unique materials family, the electronic conductivity of the TMOBMs can also be improved by filling electron-conductive molecules into the vacant sites of the open framework structure. ,, However, this could sacrifice the ionic conductivity because of the blocked ion diffusion paths. Alternatively, it can also be realized by increasing the CC bonds between the two COO – functional groups in the C 2 O 4 2– anion groups …”

Three‐Dimensional Holey Graphene Modified Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C as a High‐Performance Cathode for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…The earth is rich in Na, Fe and P resources, and the polyanionic phosphate‐based cathode materials such as NaFePO 4 , Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 , FePO 4 and Na 4 Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (P 2 O 7 ) for SIBs have been investigated [7–12] . As olivine NaFePO 4 is not stable and cannot be obtained by conventional preparation methods, it is not suitable for large‐scale production [9] .…”

“…The earth is rich in Na, Fe and P resources, and the polyanionic phosphate-based cathode materials such as NaFe-PO 4 , Na 2 FeP 2 O 7 , FePO 4 and Na 4 Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (P 2 O 7 ) for SIBs have been investigated. [7][8][9][10][11][12] As olivine NaFePO 4 is not stable and cannot be obtained by conventional preparation methods, it is not suitable for large-scale production. [9] The electrochemical activity of maricite NaFePO 4 greatly depends on its nanoscale size, and it has a low working voltage, which is unbeneficial to commercial applications.…”