Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Plant Insignia Synthesis with Favorable Biomedical Activities and Less Toxicity, in the “Era of the-Green”: A Systematic Review

Abstract

In the era of favoring environment-friendly approaches for pharmaceutical synthesis, “green synthesis” is expanding. Green-based nanomedicine (NM), being less toxic and if having biomedical acceptable activities, thence, the chemical methods of synthesis are to be replaced by plants for reductive synthesis. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) exhibited remarkable anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties, besides being a drug delivery tool. However, owing to limitations related to the chemical synthetic method, plant-mediated green synthesis has been recognized as a promising alternative synthetic method. This systematic review (SR) is addressing plant-based IONPs green synthesis, characteristics, and toxicity studies as well as their potential biomedical applications. Furthermore, the plant-based green-synthesized IONPs in comparison to nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via other conventional methods, characteristics, and efficacy or toxicity profiles would be mentioned (if available). Search strategy design utilized electronic databases including Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar search. Selection criteria included recent clinical studies, available in the English language, published till PROSPERO registration. After screening articles obtained by first electronic database search, by title, abstract and applying the PICO criteria, the search results yielded a total of 453 articles. After further full text filtrations only 48 articles were included. In conclusion, the current SR emphasizes the perspective of the IONPs plant-mediated green synthesis advantage(s) when utilized in the biomedical pharmaceutical field, with less toxicity.

The Promise of Metal-Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agent

“…, citrate), silica, chitosan , to increase the stability. During the past ten years, plant-mediated synthesis has also become a viable alternative to conventional methods for synthesizing …”

“…, generation of ROS, peroxidation of lipids, alterations to DNA, membrane depolarization with ensuing deterioration of the integrity of cell and release of metal ions influencing homeostasis of cells along with coordination of protein) and how biocompatible IONPs were with eukaryotic cells and tissues. Hamdy et al (2022) also highlighted how the plant-based green-synthesized IONPs could exhibit antimicrobial activities by strongly inhibiting the Gram-positive bacteria and moderately inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria through ROS, which included hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radicals (HO • ), and superoxide anions (O 2 •– ), and could harm biological elements including DNA, proteins, and lipids, as well as bacterial enzymatic processes. Furthermore, Xu et al (2019) reported that IONPs had potential as prospective platforms for antimicrobial activities and detection of bacterial infection due to their magnetic properties.…”

“…Moreover, authors also summarized various synthesis methods to control size, shape, or properties of IONPs and highlighted different biomedical applications including antimicrobial activity . However, it was worth noting that Gudkov et al (2021), Hamdy et al (2022), and Yang et al (2023) did not report the influence of the doping metals on the physical properties of IONPs, comparative analysis of antimicrobial activities of different metal-doped IONPs, antimicrobial mechanism of action(s) and approaches to improve biocompatibility of different metal doped-IONPs.…”

Smart and Multi-Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment Applications: Clinical Challenges and Future Prospects

“…The plant-mediated pathway is based on co-precipitation via the reduction of iron ions in the presence of a plant extract acting as a reductant/capping agent. Although green co-precipitation fabricates biocompatible particles with diverse shapes (elliptical rode, cube-spherical), its major disadvantage is poor size control, low crystallinity, and poly disperse particles [ 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Long Non-Coding RNA Expression Profile Alteration Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in HepG2 Cells

“…Because of favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility, nanomaterials have been applied to many aspects of our life and work, such as biomedicine [1], the food industry [2], and electronics [3]. The toxicity of nanomaterials has been increasingly studied [4,5]. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials.…”