Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONPs) have become a subject of interest in various biomedical fields due to their magnetism and biocompatibility. They can be utilized as heat mediators in magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) or as contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). In addition, their high drug-loading capacity enabled them to be therapeutic agent transporters for malignancy treatment. Hence, smartening them allows for an intelligent controlled drug release (CDR) and targeted drug delivery (TDD). Smart magnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) can overcome the impediments faced by classical chemo-treatment strategies, since they can be navigated and release drug via external or internal stimuli. Recently, they have been synchronized with other modalities, e.g., MRI, MHT, US, and for dual/multimodal theranostic applications in a single platform. Herein, we provide an overview of the attributes of MNPs for cancer theranostic application, fabrication procedures, surface coatings, targeting approaches, and recent advancement of SMNPs. Even though MNPs feature numerous privileges over chemotherapy agents, obstacles remain in clinical usage. This review in particular covers the clinical predicaments faced by SMNPs and future research scopes in the field of SMNPs for cancer theranostics.
Background and aims: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the fourth leading cause of death across the world. The fate of patients depends on the metastatic spread of cancer cells. Micrometastases are small clusters of cancer cells with no diagnostic evidence during diagnosis and surgery. Therefore, experimental models for micrometastasis are necessary to investigate tumors. We developed a mouse model to evaluate micrometastasis of colon carcinoma cells by systemic injection of tumor cells. Methods: In this study, stably transfected CT26 cells expressing Leishmania major GP63 were intravenously (IV) injected into BALB/c mice for induction of micrometastases. The mice were divided into three groups and the groups were sacrificed on days 3, 7, and 14 of the injection. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on tissue samples to detect Gp63 gene. Results: Our results showed the successful construction and transfection of pcDNA3 L. major Gp63 into CT26 cells. After IV injection, total cellular RNA was extracted and the Gp63 gene was detected in the liver, lung, and kidney but not in the colon. Conclusion: Due to the significance of micrometastasis and the need to establish simple models for cancer research, an experimental mouse model was developed. CT26 tumor cells stably expressing Gp63 generated a potent system for diagnosis of micrometastatic cells in tissues. Injection into the tail vein is a practical model for cancer research because of the lower fatality rate and no need for anesthesia
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