Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Carbon Quantum Nanodots for the Stabilization of Palladium Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki Reaction in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions

Abstract

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with carbon dots (C‐dots) that contain carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups were synthesized successfully and used for the reduction of PdII and the formation of Pd NPs. The new material was characterized by SEM, TEM, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, solid UV spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, XRD, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and was used as a very efficient catalyst in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides with arylboronic acids in aqueous media. Design of experiments indicates that the use of 0.22 mol % of Pd, K2CO3 as the base, and aqueous ethanol are the best reaction conditions. The reactions of aryl bromides take place at room temperature, and aryl chlorides react at 80 °C. The easily synthesized and air‐stable catalyst Pd@C‐dots@Fe3O4 NPs could be separated from the reaction mixture by using an external magnet and reused in eight consecutive runs with no significant loss of catalytic activity.

Agarose functionalized phosphorus ligand for stabilization of small-sized palladium and copper nanoparticles: efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Sonogashira reaction

“…(Figure 8a). 23 Moreover, in the XPS spectra, the binding energy of Cu 2p 3/2 centered at 932.1 and 934.8 eV were observed that indicate the presence of both metallic Cu and Cu 2 O species ( Figure 8b). 24 Figure 8.…”

A fluorescence active catalyst support comprising carbon quantum dots and magnesium oxide doping for stabilization of palladium nanoparticles: Application as a recoverable catalyst for Suzuki reaction in water

“…Recently, CQD have been used for reduction of palladium salt, formation of palladium nanoparticles and applied as an efficient catalyst in Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions [33]. Very recently, we have also reported modification of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with CQD and its application for the stabilization of palladium nanoparticles in the Suzuki reaction [34]. Despite the high efficiency of our reported catalyst, quenching of fluorescence in CQD@Fe 3 O 4 NPs is the drawback of this material.…”

Carbon‐Derived Supports for Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Carbon‐Carbon Bonds Formation

“…In 2016, Gholinejad and co-workers reported the synthesis of CQD modified by Fe 3 O 4 NPs and used for the reduction of Pd II and the formation of Pd NPs (Pd@Fe 3 O 4 @CQD). [163] To prepare this material, CQD were formed from citric acid source and urea by a hydrothermal method in a Teflon autoclave at 160°C. The obtained CQD were allowed to react with Fe 3 O 4 NPs in water at 60°C affording Fe 3 O 4 @CQD.…”