Iron Metal Production by Bulk Electrolysis of Iron Ore Particles in Aqueous Media

Allanore, Antoine; Lavelaine, H.; Valentin, G.; Birat, Jean‐Pierre; Lapicque, François

doi:10.1149/1.2952547

Cited by 82 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, due to the recent concern over the influence of CO 2 emissions on global warming, the low CO 2 emission industrial technology is required. The production of iron and steel in particular causes large emissions of CO 2 [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Against such a background, electrowinning in an aqueous electrolyte containing suspended Fe 2 O 3 particles is an alternative process to reduce or eliminate the formation of CO 2 [2,3]. As shown in Figure 1, the Fe 2 O 3 particle suspended in the electrolyte is directly reduced by the reaction (1) and the metallic Fe phase is obtained on the surface of a rotating disk cathode [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 1, the Fe 2 O 3 particle suspended in the electrolyte is directly reduced by the reaction (1) and the metallic Fe phase is obtained on the surface of a rotating disk cathode [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystal Orientation of Iron Produced by Electrodeoxidation of Hematite Particles

Kongstein

Haarberg

2013

ECS Trans.

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Electrowinning of iron was conducted in a 50-wt% NaOH-H 2 O electrolyte suspended Fe 2 O 3 particle at 110ºC and pure α-Fe films were obtained on a disk cathode with a higher current efficiency than 95%. The Fe 2 O 3 particle was directly reduced on the surface of the disk cathode and the deposited Fe atoms formed a cubic particle with a side length of approximately 0.1 μm. The crystal orientation of α-Fe depends on electrolysis conditions, such as current density and Fe 2 O 3 particle concentration, and the (211) face plane of α-Fe was preferentially orientated. Therefore, a cubic α-Fe particle columnar-grows (grows in columnar formation) toward the (211) face direction by spiral dislocation after two-dimensional nucleation. Furthermore, the morphology of the obtained α-Fe film can be controlled by the current density and the transfer rate of the Fe 2 O 3 particle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystal Orientation of Iron Produced by Electrodeoxidation of Hematite Particles

Kongstein

Haarberg

2013

ECS Trans.

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“…This success was in part due to previous studies of the topochemical electroreduction mechanism of the oxide particles at the cathode. 9 At higher temperature, the remarkable stability of chloride electrolytes enables the reduction of metal oxide in direct contact with the cathode [10][11][12] for the production of reactive and refractory metals. Another physical separation method has been put forward for the reduction of magnesium oxide to magnesium vapor in fluoride melts.…”

Section: Mo(s) → M(s or L)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Features and Challenges of Molten Oxide Electrolytes for Metal Extraction

Allanore

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electrolytic decomposition of metal oxides to metal and oxygen is an extractive metallurgy principle that, when coupled with carbon-free electricity, drastically mitigates the global warming impact of metal production. The present perspective discusses the electrochemical engineering features of an unconventional electrolyte, molten oxides. A survey of its thermodynamic properties suggests exceptional features, both in terms of applicability to multiple metals and operation at high temperature to produce liquid metal. The review of molten oxides' transport properties indicates that an unprecedented throughput can be envisioned, a promising feature for tonnage production. However, our ability to define the optimal electrolyte composition with regard to energy consumption is rendered limited due to the lack of predictive tools for both of the reviewed properties. A look at the state of the art in electrode materials reveals that quantitative design criteria remain to be developed for both the cathode and the anode. Metals have been essential materials for mankind for more than 2 millennia, and they remain the most important materials in terms of market value. Because of their centrality in the structural framework of the modern world, some metals have developed a commodity status, much like water or food. In the last two decades, an unprecedented increase in the global demand for metals has occurred ( Figure 1a). This trend is expected to continue with the world population predicted to reach 9 billion by 2020.Such growth does not come without challenges, particularly when it comes to the sustainability of primary metal production. Current extraction and processing routes are indeed characterized by large capital and environmental impacts. The former issue leads to difficulty in financing new facilities, particularly in developing countries that are poised to become significant consumers of primary metals. The existing technical paradigm necessitates multi-billion dollar investments that in turn require exceptional profits and short-term metal price stability in order to be supported by financing organizations. The environmental impact, illustrated in Figure 1b via the specific global warming and acidification potentials of key metals, can hinder the implementation of greenfield plants in countries with the most stringent environmental regulations. Additionally these emission potentials constitute a threat to the market in the eventuality of their taxation.The present perspective offers first to reconsider the existing paradigm for the extraction of metals from oxides, which accounts for the majority of metal resources in tonnage and value. In particular, this document focuses on the use of electricity for the direct decomposition of metal oxides. The first section discusses the metallurgical strategies to extract a metal (M) from its oxide (MO) and the characteristics of the direct electrolytic decomposition pathway. In the second section, an argument is made for the use of molten oxides as a possible supporti...

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“…These processes include both extraction of metals from primary sources and recovery from wastes. Recently there has been a growing interest in developing an electrolytic process for iron production [2][3][4][5]. Furthermore, while an electrolytic process is used for treatment of wastes, iron is quite often present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Behaviour of Dissolved Iron Chloride in KCl+LiCl+NaCl Melt at 550ºC

et al. 2014

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An electrochemical study of iron was carried out in KCl+LiCl+NaCl melt at 550ºC using a glassy carbon working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the Fe (II)/Fe (0) electron exchange is a soluble/insoluble reversible process. Chronoamperometry studies suggested that the nucleation of metallic iron on glassy carbon electrode is instantaneous.The diffusion coefficient of Fe (II) was calculated using cyclic voltammetry; 1.4×10

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Iron Metal Production by Bulk Electrolysis of Iron Ore Particles in Aqueous Media

Cited by 82 publications

References 8 publications

Crystal Orientation of Iron Produced by Electrodeoxidation of Hematite Particles

Crystal Orientation of Iron Produced by Electrodeoxidation of Hematite Particles

Features and Challenges of Molten Oxide Electrolytes for Metal Extraction

Electrochemical Behaviour of Dissolved Iron Chloride in KCl+LiCl+NaCl Melt at 550ºC

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