Iron-mediated activation of persulfate and peroxymonosulfate in both homogeneous and heterogeneous ways: A review

A Review Study on Sulfate-Radical-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Domestic/Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Degradation, Efficiency, and Mechanism

“…In comparison, PDS possesses a longer bond distance (1.497 Å) and lower bond energy (33.5 kcal mol −1 ), which is closely related to the substitution of two individual hydrogen atoms of H 2 O 2 by SO 3 (Xiao et al, 2018;Song et al, 2019). Thus, theoretically, the chemical characteristics for PDS are more stable than for PMS; PDS also has a higher redox potential than PMS (2.01 vs. 1.77 V) (Wacławek et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2020). Overall, both PDS and PMS have been widely applied, owing to their excellent water solubility, low cost, ease of storage, and low environmental impact (Xiao et al, 2020).…”

“…Thus, theoretically, the chemical characteristics for PDS are more stable than for PMS; PDS also has a higher redox potential than PMS (2.01 vs. 1.77 V) (Wacławek et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2020). Overall, both PDS and PMS have been widely applied, owing to their excellent water solubility, low cost, ease of storage, and low environmental impact (Xiao et al, 2020). Traditionally, PS refers to PDS, including Na 2 S 2 O 8 , K 2 S 2 O 8 , and (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 (Tsitonaki et al, 2010;Li et al, 2019b).…”

“…Fe ions and their oxides have also been widely studied, owing to their environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and low-cost characteristics (Wei et al, 2020). For example, Fe 2+ -activated PS and PMS have been proven to be one of the most efficient pathways for sulfate radical generation (Equations 28 and 29) (Xiao et al, 2020).…”

Nano-Sized Iron Sulfide: Structure, Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Applications

“…Thus, nano-sized iron sulfides are expected to perform similar catalysis and act as nanozymes. Previous studies have shown that iron sulfide can effectively activate persulfate (PS) or peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate sulfate radicals (Xiao et al, 2020 ). Other common reactions involving iron sulfide are shown in section Sonochemical Synthesis.…”

Removal of contaminants by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) using zero valent iron (ZVI)-based bimetallic particles (ZVI/Cu, ZVI/Co, ZVI/Ni, and ZVI/Ag)

“…Many researchers have extensively studied iron-based bimetallic materials, which are used in the degradation of persistent pollutants. 50,51 The mechanisms for a superior bimetallic system can be explained, (i) the formation of galvanic couples can accelerate the corrosion of iron; (ii) the second metal directly serves as a catalyst, similar to Cu in the ZVI/Cu bimetallic system; (iii) the second metal may retard the precipitation of corrosion products on the surface, and sustain the catalytic ability; (iv) the non-uniform deposition of a second metal on the surface of the iron base improves its surface roughness, which can enhance the catalytic performance of the newly formed particles. In this work, a possible mechanism for the removal of contaminants by the ZVI/M bimetallic system is proposed in Scheme 1.…”