Iron-Fortified Drinking Water Studies for the Prevention of Children's Anemia in Developing Countries

Dutra-de-Oliveira, José Eduardo; Marchini, Júlio Sérgio; Lamounier, Joel Alves; Nogueira‐de‐Almeida, Carlos Alberto

doi:10.1155/2011/815194

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Evidence shows that children whose households are not facilitated with the improved source of drinking water have a higher risk of anemia. In most developing countries, water contaminated by iron and polluted particles could be responsible for the causation of children's anemia [ 65 ]. The role of contaminated water supply is consistent with several previous findings [ 33 , 66 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Triggering Factors of Childhood Anemia: An Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

Islam

Afroja

Khan

et al. 2022

International Journal of Clinical Practice

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Introduction. Anemia is indeed a significant risk factor for children’s health as it affects growth retardation and has severe short and prolonged effects that follow in morbidity and death. Notwithstanding such ways to tackle anemia, the prevalence remains high in India and poses a severe public health concern. Objectives. The primary focus of this study was to find the prevalence and to determine the factors associated with the anemia of children under five years of age in India. Problem Statement. The increasing prevalence of childhood anemia and the life-threatening consequences for millions of children in India are a major concern. Knowing the relevant associated factors with childhood anemia is essential to reduce the frequency and severity level. Study design. For analysis purposes, this study utilized a cross-sectional study design. Methodology. Using the Indian Demographic and Health Survey 2015–16 data, we used chi-squared and gamma tests to find the association. Then, we utilized multinomial logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression to find the better model and the influencing factors of anemia in India. Results. In our study, we have found that children with highly educated mothers were 36.7% less likely (OR = 0.633, P ≤ 0.001 , 95% CI: 0.608, 0.658) to be higher anemic than the children with not educated mother. Children with moderate and severe anemic mothers were 163.3% (OR = 2.633, P ≤ 0.001 , 95% CI: 2.565, 7.704) more likely to be higher anemic than the children with not anemic mother. Not stunting children were 21.9% (OR = 0.781, P ≤ 0.001 , 95% CI: 0 .764, 0.797) less likely to be higher anemic than the stunting children. Children aged 36–59 months were 73.9% (OR = 0.361, P ≤ 0.001 , 95% CI: 0.353, 0.369) less likely to be higher anemic than the children aged 6–24 months. Again, the ACI value revealed that ordinal logistic regression was a better-fitted model for these data. Conclusion and contribution. The variables such as stunting, underweight, wasting, child age, size of the child, and source of drinking water were the most critical indicators for child anemia in India. In summary, our study result indicated the major socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with childhood anemia in India, which can help the policymaker to take quick decision to reduce the severity level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Triggering Factors of Childhood Anemia: An Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

Islam

Afroja

Khan

et al. 2022

International Journal of Clinical Practice

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“…One of the first initiatives in this sense appeared in the literature in 2009, by Jordão et al (11) , who reviewed fifty-three studies published between 1996 and 2007 and, through meta-analysis, estimated a national prevalence of 53 % of anaemia among children aged between zero and 5 years. Due to the large number of affected children, numerous attempts at fortification were tested in the country, especially studies by the Dutra-de-Oliveira group that sought to fortify drinking water with Fe, considering that to reach all children exposed to anaemia, it would be necessary to fortify food of widespread consumption (114,159,160) . An aspect that may be relevant for the prevalence has fallen, considering the data from Jordão et al (11) , and those in the present study refer to the possible impact of government initiatives to combat Fe deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of childhood anaemia in Brazil: still a serious health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nogueira‐de‐Almeida

Ued

Ciampo

et al. 2021

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To estimate the prevalence of anaemia in Brazilian children up to 83·9 months old. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis, using databases PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Lilacs, Google Scholar, Periódicos Capes, Arca, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Microsoft Academic Search and Cochrane Library using search terms: anaemia, prevalence, child and Brazil. PROSPERO Registration number: CRD42020208818. Setting: Cross-sectional, cohort, case–control and intervention studies published between 2007 and 2020 were searched, excluding those who assessed children with an illness or chronic condition. The main outcome was anaemia prevalence. Random effects models based on the inverse variance method were used to estimate pooled prevalence measures. Sensitivity analyses removed studies with high contribution to overall heterogeneity. Participants: From 6790 first screened, 134 eligible studies were included, totalling 46 978 children aged zero to 83·9 months analysed, with adequate regions representativeness. Results: Pooled prevalence of anaemia was 33 % (95 % CI 30, 35). Sensitivity analyses showed that withdrawal of studies that contributed to high heterogeneity did not influence national average prevalence. Conclusions: Childhood anaemia is still a serious public health problem in Brazil, exposing 33 % of Brazilian children to the anaemia repercussions. The main limitation of the study is the estimation of national prevalence based on local surveys, but a large number of studies were included, with representation in all regions of the country, giving strength to the results. In Brazil, more public policies are needed to promote supplementation, fortification and access to healthy eating to reduce the high level of anaemia among children.

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“…Iron can initiate cancer mainly by the process of oxidation of DNA molecules. This can sometimes result in cell death (6), or a spectrum of diseases with diverse clinical manifestations, ranging from anemia to iron overload, and possibly to neurodegenerative diseases (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lime Scale Water in Domestic Boilers as the Main Toxic Factor in the Human Body

Beluli¹

2020

Experimed

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This research is based on the study of boiler water with a high content of waste inside boilers. After many years of use, a very toxic lime scale (LS) is formed in the boiler mixed with heavy elements, ions, and other molecules dangerous for human health. The high concentration of some heavy metals in domestic boilers is a problem in itself. During our study we created laboratory proof that inside domestic boilers contain extremely high concentrations of some heavy carcinogenic metals. Domestic boilers should have a simple system for cleaning the waste in the boiler that in our research contains heavy metals that can create profoundly serious problems in a person with normal metabolism. The chemical parameters analysed in the domestic boilers are: Cu (0.002-3.08) mg/L, Fe (0.001-0.97) mg/L, Cr +6 (0-0.31) mg/L, Al +3 (0.001-0.8<) mg/L, Ca +2 (56-200<) mg/dm 3 , Cl − (12.3-45) mg/L, Cl 2 (0-2.2) mg/L, PO 4 −3 (0.04-1.3) mg/L, NO 2-N (0.0006-2.9) mg/L, NH 3-N (0.001-0.5) mg/L. The high presence of heavy metals in water has recently been causing serious problems. Scientific research in the field of environmental toxicology has given us more and more answers to the questions of where many human health problems can come.

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Iron-Fortified Drinking Water Studies for the Prevention of Children's Anemia in Developing Countries

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Prevalence and Triggering Factors of Childhood Anemia: An Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

Prevalence and Triggering Factors of Childhood Anemia: An Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

Prevalence of childhood anaemia in Brazil: still a serious health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lime Scale Water in Domestic Boilers as the Main Toxic Factor in the Human Body

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