Iron Deficiency in Menstruating Adult Women: Much More than Anemia

Fernández-Jiménez, M. C.; Moreno, Gemma; Wright, I. M.; Shih, Pei-Chun; Vaquero, M. Pilar; Remacha, Ángel F.

doi:10.1089/whr.2019.0011

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We found the association between the SNP rs516946 and MetS in the male participants but still not in the female participants. Periodic blood loss might play a protective role in women that kept them from excessive iron accumulation in the body [ 26 ]; moreover, since women are more likely to suffer from iron deficiency instead, iron therapy could even help with menstruating women’s health [ 27 ]. Therefore, it is less likely to find the association between dietary iron and MetS in women [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SNP rs516946 Interacted in the Association of MetS with Dietary Iron among Chinese Males but Not Females

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to explore the role of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs516946 of the Ankyrin 1 (ANK1) gene in the relationship between dietary iron and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Chinese population. A total of 2766 Chinese adults (1284 males and 1482 females) were recruited. A 3-day 24-h dietary recall and weighing of household condiments were used to assess dietary intake. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were obtained. After adjusting for age, region, years of education, intentional physical exercise, physical activity level, smoking, alcohol use and energy intake, dietary iron and the SNP rs516946 were both correlated with MetS risk and interacted among the male participants. The trend between dietary iron and MetS risk remained among T allele non-carriers of males but not among T allele carriers of males. Both the SNP rs516946 and the ferritin level correlated positively with the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. ANK1 SNP rs516946 interacted in the association of MetS with dietary iron among Chinese males while no association was found among females. Periodic blood loss might prevent females from these associations. The SNP rs516946 might correlate with liver function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SNP rs516946 Interacted in the Association of MetS with Dietary Iron among Chinese Males but Not Females

et al. 2022

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“…In addition, they also pointed to deficiency as a strong determinator of lower hemoglobin mass. Further, iron deficiency anemia was identified to be in far higher prevalence in women of childbearing age due to blood and iron loss during the menstrual cycle ( Fernandez-Jimenez et al, 2020 ). Both of these mechanisms may explain to a certain extent the potential sex difference noted in the current manuscript.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average ages of the participant groups used in this study were in their mid-twenties, and therefore may not be seen as a complete representation of aging astronauts, especially those completing their second and third missions. The effects of aging on serum EPO are known, with increased values with age potentially as a compensation mechanism for increased hemolysis or a rise in EPO resistance (Ershler et al, 2005). Whether these changes would affect the heterogeneity of hematological responses, however, is unknown.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of Hematological Response to Hypoxia and Short-Term or Medium-Term Bed Rest

et al. 2021

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Hematological changes are commonly observed following prolonged exposure to hypoxia and bed rest. Typically, such responses have been reported as means and standard deviations, however, investigation into the responses of individuals is insufficient. Therefore, the present study retrospectively assessed individual variation in the hematological responses to severe inactivity (bed rest) and hypoxia. The data were derived from three-bed rest projects: two 10-d (LunHab project: 8 males; FemHab project: 12 females), and one 21-d (PlanHab project: 11 males). Each project comprised a normoxic bed rest (NBR; PIO2=133mmHg) and hypoxic bed rest (HBR; PIO2=91mmHg) intervention, where the subjects were confined in the Planica facility (Rateče, Slovenia). During the HBR intervention, subjects were exposed to normobaric hypoxia equivalent to an altitude of 4,000m. NBR and HBR interventions were conducted in a random order and separated by a washout period. Blood was drawn prior to (Pre), during, and post bed rest (R1, R2, R4) to analyze the individual variation in the responses of red blood cells (RBC), erythropoietin (EPO), and reticulocytes (Rct) to bed rest and hypoxia. No significant differences were found in the mean ∆(Pre-Post) values of EPO across projects (LunHab, FemHab, and PlanHab; p>0.05), however, female EPO responses to NBR (Range - 17.39, IQR – 12.97 mIU.ml−1) and HBR (Range – 49.00, IQR – 10.91 mIU.ml−1) were larger than males (LunHab NBR Range – 4.60, IQR – 2.03; HBR Range – 7.10, IQR – 2.78; PlanHab NBR Range – 7.23, IQR – 1.37; HBR Range – 9.72, IQR – 4.91 mIU.ml−1). Bed rest duration had no impact on the heterogeneity of EPO, Rct, and RBC responses (10-d v 21-d). The resultant hematological changes that occur during NBR and HBR are not proportional to the acute EPO response. The following cascade of hematological responses to NBR and HBR suggests that the source of variability in the present data is due to mechanisms related to hypoxia as opposed to inactivity alone. Studies investigating hematological changes should structure their study design to explore these mechanistic responses and elucidate the discord between the EPO response and hematological cascade to fully assess heterogeneity.

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“…Iron is the second most abundant metal on the earth's crust following aluminum (Harrison & Arosio, 1996). However, iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional deficiency in the world (Fernandez et al, 2020). Plants get their iron from the soil, but the vast majority of the iron on the earth's crust is insoluble at plants' physiological pH and oxidizing conditions, making it less bioavailable (Harrison & Arosio, 1996).…”

Section: The Irony Of Iron Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming an adult person consumes a total of 500 g dm diet/day (WHO, 1996), regardless of the type of diet, the total iron content in this diet will logically be far in excess compared to the recommended amount (1.13-1.37 mg Fe/day) (FAO and WHO, 2001). Yet IDA remains a global health problem (Fernandez et al, 2020). The low bioavailability of dietary iron is the leading reason for IDA.…”

Section: The Irony Of Iron Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissecting the facts about the impact of contaminant iron in human nutrition: A review

Shumoy

2021

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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Iron Deficiency in Menstruating Adult Women: Much More than Anemia

Cited by 17 publications

References 48 publications

The SNP rs516946 Interacted in the Association of MetS with Dietary Iron among Chinese Males but Not Females

The SNP rs516946 Interacted in the Association of MetS with Dietary Iron among Chinese Males but Not Females

Heterogeneity of Hematological Response to Hypoxia and Short-Term or Medium-Term Bed Rest

Dissecting the facts about the impact of contaminant iron in human nutrition: A review

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