Iron deficiency in infants: The influence of mild antecedent infection

Reeves, Jerry D.; Yip, Ray; Kiley, Vincent A.; Dallman, Peter R.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80069-4

Cited by 81 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As infecções na infância, pelo menos uma vez em cerca de 60% das crianças entre os 9-12 meses de vida, estão claramente associadas com o baixo nível de Hb. Esses fatos são agravados quando ocorrem episódios persistentes ou repetidos de infecção, especialmente diarréia, associados a uma redução do aporte de ferro da dieta nessa faixa etária 28 . Relatório recente da OMS 29 refere que pacientes com anemia ferropriva moderada ou grave apresentam maior índice de infecção, devido aos efeitos adversos causados por essa deficiência no sistema imune.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Impact of weekly treatment with ferrous sulfate on hemoglobin level, morbidity and nutritional status of anemic infants

Lima¹,

Lima²,

Guerra³

et al. 2006

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Objective: To evaluate the impact of weekly treatment with ferrous sulfate on hemoglobin level, morbidity and nutritional status in a sample of anemic infants from Zona da Mata Meridional in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.Methods: A controlled, community-based intervention was carried out with 378 infants who were followed-up for 18 months. Hemoglobin level was measured at 12 months in a total of 245 children randomly selected. Participating infants were divided into three groups: two received 45 mg of elemental iron weekly, from 12 to 18 months of life (69 children with moderate/severe anemia, and 111 with mild anemia); the third group was composed of 65 non-anemic children, who received no intervention. The remaining 133 children constituted the control group, for comparisons on nutritional status and morbidity.Results: The prevalence of anemia was 73.5% at 12 months of life. After 6 months of treatment, 42.3% of anemic children reached hemoglobin levels ≥ 11.0 g/dL. The mean increase was 1.6 g/dL, being higher (2.5 g/dL) in the group with lower levels of hemoglobin at baseline. Children without anemia at baseline received no treatment, and 40.3% of them became anemic at the end of follow-up, with a mean decrease of 0.5 g/dL in hemoglobin levels. A significantly greater weight gain was observed in the two treated groups, while no significant improvements were seen in linear growth and duration of diarrhea. Conclusions:The fact that less than half the children receiving ferrous sulfate recovered from anemia at the end of follow-up, along with the development of anemia in many untreated, previously nonanemic infants, suggests the need for effective control strategies.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82(6):452-7: Anemia, hemoglobin level, iron, weekly treatment, infant. ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar o impacto do tratamento com sulfato ferroso, administrado semanalmente, sobre o nível de hemoglobina, morbidade e estado nutricional de lactentes anêmicos da Zona da Mata Meridional de Pernambuco.Métodos: Estudo de intervenção de base comunitária, controlado, realizado com 378 lactentes acompanhados até 18 meses. Foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 245 crianças para avaliação da hemoglobina aos 12 meses. As crianças foram distribuídas em três grupos de estudo: dois com tratamento semanal de 45 mg de ferro elementar, dos 12 aos 18 meses de vida (69 crianças com anemia moderada/grave e 111 com anemia leve) e um sem tratamento, constituído de 65 crianças sem anemia. As 133 crianças restantes constituíram o grupo controle, utilizado para comparação do estado nutricional e da morbidade.Resultados: A prevalência de anemia foi de 73,5% aos 12 meses de vida. Após 6 meses de tratamento, houve recuperação do nível de hemoglobina para valores ≥ 11,0 g/dL em 42,3% dos lactentes anêmicos. O aumento médio foi de 1,6 g/dL, sendo maior (2,5 g/dL) para o grupo com nível inicial mais baixo de hemoglobina. Das crianças sem anemia e não tratadas, 40,3% tornaram-se anêmicas ao término do acompanhamento, com uma redução média do nível de hemoglobi...

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Impact of weekly treatment with ferrous sulfate on hemoglobin level, morbidity and nutritional status of anemic infants

Lima¹,

Lima²,

Guerra³

et al. 2006

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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“…É conhecido que infecções como as doenças gastrintestinais e do aparelho respiratório comumente predispõem a uma diminuição dos níveis hematológicos de ferro no organismo, por uma redução na produção de hemoglobina e na absorção de ferro [68][69][70] .…”

Section: Morbidadeunclassified

Determinant factors of anemia in children

Osório

2002

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Artigo submetido em 22.01.02, aceito em 15.04.02. ResumoObjetivo: apresentar uma revisão sobre os principais fatores determinantes da anemia em crianças menores de cinco anos. Fontes de dados:foram utilizadas as informações de artigos publicados em revistas científicas nacionais e internacionais indexadas, livros técnicos e publicações de organizações internacionais.Síntese dos dados: a anemia constitui o problema nutricional de maior magnitude no mundo, sendo as crianças menores de cinco anos um dos grupos populacionais de maior risco. Como qualquer problema de saúde pública, sua origem é multicausal e, desta maneira, tenta-se nesse artigo interpretar a sua relação direta ou indireta com seus possíveis fatores determinantes, e os principais achados concordantes ou discordantes nos estudos epidemiológicos. Dentre esses fatores encontram-se as condições socioeconômicas, as condições de assistência à saúde da criança, seu estado nutricional, a presença de morbidades, o consumo alimentar e os fatores biológicos. Destacam-se o papel da dieta, no que diz respeito ao consumo e biodisponibilidade de ferro, e a idade da criança como os principais determinantes.Conclusões: tendo em vista a magnitude do problema e a abrangência de seus fatores de risco revisados neste trabalho, tornase necessária a implementação de medidas urgentes de prevenção e tratamento da anemia ferropriva. É importante ressaltar que uma única estratégia poderá ter pouco sucesso se outras medidas não forem tomadas simultaneamente, sendo relevante o papel da educação alimentar, juntamente com outras ações implementadas. As crianças menores de dois anos e as que residem em áreas rurais e carentes devem ser priorizadas nos programas de combate à anemia.J Pediatr (Rio J) 2002; 78 (4):269-78: anemia, hemoglobina, fatores determinantes, criança. AbstractObjective: to present a review about the main determining factors of anemia in children under 5 years old.Source of data: information was collected from articles published in indexed national and international scientific journals, technical books and publications of international organizations. Summary of the findings:anemia constitutes the world's nutritional problem of great magnitude, and children under 5 years old form the group with the highest risk. Similarly to any other public health problem, the origin of anemia is multi-causal. Therefore, in this article the attempt is to interpret its direct or indirect relation with possible determinant factors and the main concordant or discordant findings in epidemiological studies. Social and economic conditions, child's health care conditions, child's nutritional state, presence of morbidity, food consumption and biological aspects are among these factors. The role of the diet is emphasized with respect to the consumption and bioavailability of iron, and child's age as the main determinants.Conclusions: bearing in mind the magnitude of the problem and the extent of its risk factors reviewed in this study, the implementation of urgent prevention and treatment...

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“…They must be considered in combination in order to have a strong predictive value in the diagnosis of iron deficiency [19], and some may be affected by other factors such as time of day, inflammation, thalassemia trait, or other hemoglobinopathies, etc. [5,[20][21][22][23][24], as well as age and gender. For the past 2 decades or so, it has been common practice in research studies to define iron deficiency as two or more iron measures in the deficient range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron status of inner‐city African‐American infants

et al. 2006

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The iron status of African-American infants continues to be subject to debate. We characterized the iron status of 198 9-month-old inner-city infants (94% fed iron-fortified formula) using a comprehensive panel of measures and assessing lead and inflammation markers. The proportion with iron deficiency was calculated based on three approaches (! ! ! ! 2 abnormal iron measures with or without anemia for MCV model-NHANES II, ferritin model-NHANES III, or Sweden/Honduras study) and a promising new measure-body iron, calculated from ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR). There were no sex differences for any iron measure. Hb < 110 g/l was observed in 25%; Hb 105 g/l in 10.1%. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) values were elevated without elevated lead concentrations or an inflammatory response: mean FEP = 86.6 lg/dl red blood cells [75.5 lmol/mol heme]; 52.3% were > 80 lg/dl (1.42 lmol/l), almost half of which were accompanied by a second abnormal iron measure. The estimated prevalence of iron deficiency was 14.4, 5.3, and 2.5% for the MCV model, ferritin model, and Sweden/Honduras cutoffs, respectively, and 4.1% for body iron < 0 mg/kg. Regulation of iron storage is immature at < 1 year of age, making estimates of iron deficiency that depend on ferritin, including body iron, suspect in this age period. Thus, the ''true'' prevalence of iron deficiency could not be established with confidence due to major differences in the results, depending on the guidelines used. Functional indicators of poor iron status in young infants are urgently needed. Am. J. Hematol. 82:112-121, 2007. V V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Iron deficiency in infants: The influence of mild antecedent infection

Cited by 81 publications

References 17 publications

Impact of weekly treatment with ferrous sulfate on hemoglobin level, morbidity and nutritional status of anemic infants

Impact of weekly treatment with ferrous sulfate on hemoglobin level, morbidity and nutritional status of anemic infants

Determinant factors of anemia in children

Iron status of inner‐city African‐American infants

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