A national survey was administered in 1993-1994 (N = 360) and repeated in 2001 (N = 435) to assess the prevalence of homelessness as well as attitudes, opinions and knowledge regarding homelessness. No significant changes in prevalence were found, despite a strong US economy during most of the 7-8 year period. Respondents in 2001 had less stereotyped views of homeless people and were more supportive of services, but came to see homelessness as a less serious problem that was less often due to economic factors. This "mixed" set of findings may reflect both beliefs on the benefits of a good economy and an increased awareness of the complexity of homelessness. Across the surveys, younger, female, liberal, and less wealthy respondents demonstrated more sympathetic attitudes towards homeless people.

The iron status of African-American infants continues to be subject to debate. We characterized the iron status of 198 9-month-old inner-city infants (94% fed iron-fortified formula) using a comprehensive panel of measures and assessing lead and inflammation markers. The proportion with iron deficiency was calculated based on three approaches (! ! ! ! 2 abnormal iron measures with or without anemia for MCV model-NHANES II, ferritin model-NHANES III, or Sweden/Honduras study) and a promising new measure-body iron, calculated from ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR). There were no sex differences for any iron measure. Hb < 110 g/l was observed in 25%; Hb 105 g/l in 10.1%. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) values were elevated without elevated lead concentrations or an inflammatory response: mean FEP = 86.6 lg/dl red blood cells [75.5 lmol/mol heme]; 52.3% were > 80 lg/dl (1.42 lmol/l), almost half of which were accompanied by a second abnormal iron measure. The estimated prevalence of iron deficiency was 14.4, 5.3, and 2.5% for the MCV model, ferritin model, and Sweden/Honduras cutoffs, respectively, and 4.1% for body iron < 0 mg/kg. Regulation of iron storage is immature at < 1 year of age, making estimates of iron deficiency that depend on ferritin, including body iron, suspect in this age period. Thus, the ''true'' prevalence of iron deficiency could not be established with confidence due to major differences in the results, depending on the guidelines used. Functional indicators of poor iron status in young infants are urgently needed. Am. J. Hematol. 82:112-121, 2007. V V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Objective To determine if longer breastfeeding is associated with higher infant lead concentrations. Study design Data were analyzed from 3 studies of developmental effects of iron deficiency in infancy: Costa Rica (1981–1984), Chile (1991–1996), and Detroit (2002–2003). Pearson product-moment or partial correlation coefficients assessed the relation between duration of breastfeeding and lead levels. Results Over 93% of Costa Rica and Chile samples was breastfed, n = 179 and 323 breastfed infants, respectively (mean weaning age, 8–10 months), as was 35.6% of the Detroit sample, n = 53 breastfed infants (mean weaning age, 4.5 months). Lead concentrations averaged 10.8 μg/dL (Costa Rica, 12–23 months), 7.8 μg/dL (Chile, 12 months), and 2.5 μg/dL (Detroit, 9–10 months). Duration of breastfeeding as sole milk source and total breastfeeding correlated with lead concentration in all samples (r values = .14 to .57, p values = .06 to <.0001). Conclusions Longer breastfeeding was associated with higher infant lead concentration in 3 countries, in 3 different decades, in settings differing in breastfeeding patterns, environmental lead sources, and infant lead levels. The results suggest that monitoring lead concentrations in breastfed infants be considered.