Iron Deficiency in Female Athletes

Parr, Richard B.; Bachman, Lori; Moss, Robert A.

doi:10.1080/00913847.1984.11701824

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The pre-supplementation hemoglobin value of 14.7 0.7 g% reported in the present study was comparable to values reported in many studies of female athletes (7,8,27,28,32,35). The normal range for hemoglobin is 12 to 16 g%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The baseline serum ferritin level of 29 14.1 ng/ml (normal range; 12 to 135 ng/ml) observed in the present study was comparable to values reported in other studies of female athletes (3,13,14,18,32). However, a few studies have reported much lower baseline serum ferritin values in female athletes (4,23,27,32,35). Nickerson and Tripp (23) reported that after daily iron supplementation with 600 mg ferrous sulfate (120 mg elemental iron), for a period of 4 to 6 weeks, ferritin levels increased from 9.9 3.8 (below normal range) to 18.6 7.4 ng/ml after treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These hematocrit values are within the normal range of 38 to 45%. Some studies have reported hematocrit values in female athletes that are low to normal (3,27,28,36). Of five iron supplementation studies involving female athletes (3,16,23,28,30), only two studies reported baseline hematocrit values (16,28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Supplementation and Running Performance in Female Cross-Country Runners

Powell¹,

Tucker²

1991

Int J Sports Med

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two weeks of high dosage iron supplementation on various blood iron indices and metabolic parameters in non-anemic, iron-depleted competitive female cross-country runners. The subjects were highly trained members of the Colorado State University cross-country team and were completing 40 to 50 miles of training weekly. A pretest, post-test single-blind crossover design was employed. Upon collection of baseline exercise blood and metabolic data, five subjects were randomly assigned to iron supplementation (650 mg ferrous sulfate; 130 mg elemental iron) and five subjects to placebo treatment. At two weeks the treatments were reversed. Exercise blood and metabolic data were collected at two-week intervals. Dietary iron intake was assessed using a three-day dietary survey. Dietary analysis revealed deficiencies in vitamin B-6, iron, magnesium, and zinc according to USRDA standards. Baseline blood samples revealed no deficiencies in iron storage or transport proteins. Two weeks of iron supplementation resulted in no significant increases in blood iron indices. Metabolic parameters related to running performance were also unchanged after iron supplementation. High dosage, short-term iron supplementation appears to have no effect on blood or metabolic parameters in iron-depleted but non-anemic female cross-country runners.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Supplementation and Running Performance in Female Cross-Country Runners

Powell¹,

Tucker²

1991

Int J Sports Med

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“…In latent deficiency serum ferritin falls below 30 puglitre-1, transferrin saturation decreases to 15-20%, serum iron concentrations may decrease, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) may increase.21' 12 In overt iron deficiency anaemia, serum ferritin concentration is less than 12 pig litre-1, and Hb is below 130-140 gdlitre-' in males and below 120 g-litre-' in females.2 81112 Based on serum ferritin values, iron stores of athletes are reported to be about 30% less than normal, and in young women with low dietary haem iron, the incidence of iron deficiency may reach 50%. 12 In iron deficiency anaemia, along with other clinical findings, work capacity and VO2max decrease as a result of lowered Hb levels. '-3 12 Iron related enzyme activities of athletes with iron deficiency are found to be only as low as values in sedentary people and the primary effect is on Hb.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of iron metabolism indices and their relation with physical work capacity in athletes.

et al. 1996

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Objective-To evaluate the relation between iron status and physical working capacity, and to assess the effect of oral iron treatment on these variables, in athletes with borderline iron status. Methods-Blood haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin determinations were compared in 71 male and 18 female athletes participating in various sports and in matched male (n = 11) and female (n =8) controls. The first aim was to assess the relations between these variables and performance in a physical work capacity test (PWC170).Oral iron treatment (175-350 mg ferrous fumarate daily) was provided for three weeks to six male and five female athletes with borderline Hb concentrations, to determine the effects of such treatment on both iron status and performance.Results-Among females, handball players had the lowest serum ferritin concentrations (P < 0.05), the highest TIBC values, and lowest PWC170 scores (P < 0.01); runners had the highest ferritin concentrations and PWC170 scores (P < 0.01). There were significant correlations (P < 0.01) between PWC170 and PCV, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation of female athletes. Hb, serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation increased with iron treatment in both males (P < 0.01) and females (P < 0.05). Conclusions-Serum ferritin determination may prove a valuable addition to the screening of athletes and may indicate the need for iron treatment, even though a causal effect on improvement of work capacity may not be present. (BrJ Sports Med 1996;30:15-19)

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“…This problem often goes undetected and can affect how the athlete feels and performs. Iron deficiency has been classified into three stages: 1) iron depletion: depletion of iron stores in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; 2) iron deficiency erythropoesis: decline in serum iron levels with an increase in total iron binding capacity; and 3) iron deficiency anemia: hemoglobin values below 12 g/dL (75,79). For pregnant women, anemia is defined as hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL for the first trimester, 10.5 g/dL in the second trimester, and 11 g/dL in the third trimester (79).…”

Section: Iron Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Female Athlete

Thein

Thein²

1996

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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, MS, PT, SCS, A TC ')ill M. Thein, MPT, ATC* w omen's participation in sports has been a topic of increasing interest in the past three decades. Prior to 1960, the woman's role as spectator was reinforced by many individuals and groups, including women physical educators. The belief that women were unable to endure the stresses of physical activity was consistent with the values and attitudes at the time, and the idea that women were weak, fragile, and unfit for sports participation was reinforced by the maledominated medical community (7).Women first demonstrated their ability to withstand tasks requiring strength and endurance during World War I1 when they began assuming roles previously held by men. Women performing factory work and other forms of physical labor demonstrated their interest in and capabilities related to physical activity. The small step from the work force into athletics was a natural extension of these activities. However, it was many years before women's participation in athletics was accepted, as evidenced by the lack of an Olympic women's marathon until 1984.The 1970s were an era of awakening for women in sports with the formation of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1971 and the passage of Title IX of the Educational Assistance Act in 1972 (7). Title IX required all institutions receiving federal money to offer equal opportunities to both sexes in programming, including athletics. A surge in sports participation by high school girls quickly followed.

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Iron Deficiency in Female Athletes

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Iron Supplementation and Running Performance in Female Cross-Country Runners

Iron Supplementation and Running Performance in Female Cross-Country Runners

Evaluation of iron metabolism indices and their relation with physical work capacity in athletes.

The Female Athlete

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