Iron Deficiency in 1- to 3-Year-Old Children

Eden, Alvin N.; Mir, Mohammad Amin

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170470020003

Cited by 64 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In New Zealand, recent prevalence estimates of iron deficiency and anaemia for 6-24-month-old children range from 18 to 51% and 5 to 34%, respectively (Moyes et al, 1990;Poppe, 1993;Crampton et al, 1994;Rive et al, 1995;Wham, 1996;Adam et al, 1998;Wilson et al, 1999). These rates are much higher than those reported for young Australian, European and North American children (Greene-Finestone et al, 1991;Karr et al, 1996;Eden & Mir, 1997;Innis et al, 1997;Looker et al, 1997;Oti-Boateng et al, 1998), and hence has given rise to concern among the New Zealand health profession. Notwithstanding, these New Zealand studies were based on small, opportunistic and often hospital-based samples in which anaemia may be disease related (Gibson, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

et al. 2003

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of biochemical iron deficiency and identify factors associated with ferritin levels among 6-24-month-old urban South Island New Zealand children. Design: Cross-sectional survey conducted from May 1998 to March 1999. Setting: The cities of Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill. Subjects: A total of 323 randomly selected 6-24-month-old children participated (response rate 61%) of which 263 provided a blood sample. Methods: A complete blood cell count, zinc protoporphyrin, serum ferritin and C-reactive protein were measured on nonfasting venipuncture blood samples, 3-day weighed food records and general questionnaire data were collected. Results: Among children with C-reactive proteino10 mg/l (n ¼ 231), 4.3% had iron deficiency anaemia, 5.6% had iron deficiency without anaemia, and 18.6% had depleted iron stores, when a ferritin cutoff of r12 g/l was used. Age (negative), sex (girls4boys), ethnicity (Caucasian4non-Caucasian), weight-for-age percentiles (negative) and birth weight (positive) were associated with ferritin after adjusting for infection and socioeconomic status. When current consumption of iron fortified formula and 4500 ml of cows' milk per day were included, these were associated with a 22% increase and 25% decrease in ferritin, respectively (R 2 ¼ 0.28). Conclusions: The presence of suboptimal iron status (29%) among young New Zealand children is cause for concern, even though severe iron deficiency is rare, because children with marginal iron status are at risk of developing severe iron deficiency if exposed to a physiological challenge.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

et al. 2003

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“…Cross-sectional study Prevalence of ID in children, aged 1-3 years, living in an urban setting within the United States compared to children of the same age range living in American Samoa was 7 and 76%, respectively, and for IDA, 10 and 42%, respectively (Eden and Mir, 1997). Comparing the Five State Study results from 1995 to the results from this study, the prevalence of anemia in children aged 1-2 years, 2-3 years and 3-4 years in the Five State Study were much lower than those found in the children living in American Samoa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency and anemia: disparity exists between children in American Samoa and children living within the US

2007

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Background/Objectives: Healthy People 2010 emphasizes elimination of health disparity and improvements in anemia and iron deficiency (ID). The study purpose was to (1) determine the prevalence of anemia, ID and ID anemia (IDA) in children living in American Samoa and (2) compare the prevalence to that found in children living in the United States. Subjects/Methods: A total of 211 children from American Samoa, aged 1-5 years of age, participated in this cross-sectional study. Prevalence of anemia, ID and IDA were determined and comparison made using data obtained from children living in the United States. Anemia was diagnosed as hemoglobin (Hb) o110.0 g/l, ID as erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) 470 mmol/mol heme and IDA as Hb o110.0 g/l and EP 470 mmol/mol heme. Results: Anemia, ID and IDA prevalence was 33, 70 and 33%, respectively. The results of children from the United States were as follows: anemia, 9%; ID, 10% and IDA, 2%. Within American Samoan children, ID is positively associated with being breastfed o6 months (Po0.05) and anemia and IDA with lower household income (Po0.05; Po0.01). Mean Hb was significantly lower (Po0.001) and mean EP was significantly higher (Po0.001) than those within children living in the United States. Conclusion: To meet Healthy People 2010 goals in children aged 1-2 years, the prevalence of ID in children living in American Samoa would need to decrease from 83 to 5% and in children aged 3-5 years from 59 to 1%. It is critical to ensure that populations within the United States and its territories are provided appropriate resources to promote health and prevent disease.

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“…7) [8]. A study that focused specifically on such children reported iron deficiency anemia in 10% of 1-to 3-yearolds drawn from a cross-section of pediatric practices in the New York City area, with an ethnically mixed population (primarily black and Hispanic) [9]. Another study among 9-to 30-month-old predominantly black infants in inner-city Baltimore reported iron deficiency anemia in 8% [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron status of inner‐city African‐American infants

et al. 2006

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The iron status of African-American infants continues to be subject to debate. We characterized the iron status of 198 9-month-old inner-city infants (94% fed iron-fortified formula) using a comprehensive panel of measures and assessing lead and inflammation markers. The proportion with iron deficiency was calculated based on three approaches (! ! ! ! 2 abnormal iron measures with or without anemia for MCV model-NHANES II, ferritin model-NHANES III, or Sweden/Honduras study) and a promising new measure-body iron, calculated from ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR). There were no sex differences for any iron measure. Hb < 110 g/l was observed in 25%; Hb 105 g/l in 10.1%. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) values were elevated without elevated lead concentrations or an inflammatory response: mean FEP = 86.6 lg/dl red blood cells [75.5 lmol/mol heme]; 52.3% were > 80 lg/dl (1.42 lmol/l), almost half of which were accompanied by a second abnormal iron measure. The estimated prevalence of iron deficiency was 14.4, 5.3, and 2.5% for the MCV model, ferritin model, and Sweden/Honduras cutoffs, respectively, and 4.1% for body iron < 0 mg/kg. Regulation of iron storage is immature at < 1 year of age, making estimates of iron deficiency that depend on ferritin, including body iron, suspect in this age period. Thus, the ''true'' prevalence of iron deficiency could not be established with confidence due to major differences in the results, depending on the guidelines used. Functional indicators of poor iron status in young infants are urgently needed. Am. J. Hematol. 82:112-121, 2007. V V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Iron Deficiency in 1- to 3-Year-Old Children

Cited by 64 publications

References 10 publications

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

Iron deficiency and anemia: disparity exists between children in American Samoa and children living within the US

Iron status of inner‐city African‐American infants

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