Iron-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract

In the last two decades, metal-catalyzed controlled radical polymerization (CRP), or atom transfer radical 5 polymerization (ATRP) has become a ubiquitous tool for the facile synthesis of a wide of materials with specific macromolecular architectures. The complex plays an important role in ATRP, and for this purpose researchers put a great deal of effort on studying the effect of various complexes on polymerization. However, one of disadvantages of copper complex which is the most extensively studied catalyst system in ATRP is the contamination of polymers resulted from a high concentration of stable catalyst. 10 Efficiently and economically removing the catalyst from the resultant polymers will open the way to a wide variety of new functional polymers for specialty applications, especially for large-scale industrial manufacture. Iron-based catalysts have attracted particular attention because of their low toxicity, low cost, abundance, and environmental friendliness, and thus many iron catalysts have been designed for ATRP. This article reviews the preparation of polymers using iron-catalyzed atom transfer radical 15 polymerization, and is organized according to: (a) mechanistic considerations; (b) Iron complexes and ligand types.

Photocatalysts in Polymerization Reactions

“…In addition to copper complexes being efficient catalysts for ATRP, iron complexes are up‐and‐coming controlling agents for ATRP as they are inexpensive, abundant, and non‐toxic . ATRP mechanisms using iron complexes are very similar to those of copper ATRP, allowing the use of catalytic amounts of iron controlling agents through ICAR ATRP or AGET (activators generated by electron transfer) ATRP and also by generation of activators by monomer addition GAMA (generation of activators by monomer addition) ATRP . However, in contrast to copper complexes, iron complexes usually present a low excited‐state lifetime, which is a dramatic limitation for application in photocatalysis.…”

An efficient, heterogeneous, reusable atom transfer radical polymerization catalyst

“…Several approaches have been used to eliminate the current drawbacks, such as electrochemical, photochemical methods or using very low concentrations of copper salts . Moreover, apart from Cu(I), other metal salts like cobalt, iron etc . have also been used as alternative solutions.…”

Soluble and electrically conductive polyaniline‐modified polymers: Incorporation of biocompatible polymeric chains through ATRP technique

“…Incorporation of polar functional groups (e.g., sulfonation), and polymeric or long and flexible alkyl chains into the PANI backbone. [28][29][30] In present investigation, the incorporation of biocompatible polymeric chains [poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm)] into the PANI backbone through ATRP technique to afford soluble and electrically conductive polyaniline-based materials is reported. It is now well accepted that copolymers exhibit different physicochemical characteristics in comparison with blends of the same corresponding homopolymers.…”