Iron-based nanoparticles and their potential toxicity: Focus on oxidative stress and apoptosis

The first evidence of accumulation and avoidance behavior of macroinvertebrates in a forest soil spiked with human-made iron nanoparticles: A field experiment

“…However, the NPs mentioned above have significantly different potential effects than the Fe NPs. In fact, investigations have documented that iron NPs exhibit toxic properties compared to conventional iron and iron oxides due to unique physical and chemical features that affect their absorption, biodistribution, and elimination ( Paunovic et al., 2020 ). Recently, Liu et al.…”

Magnetite Nanoparticles and Essential Oils Systems for Advanced Antibacterial Therapies

“…In this regard, inorganic nanoparticles have been widely considered as a platform for the development of tools for targeted drug delivery, clinical diagnostics, and medical imaging. The most common inorganic nanoparticles used for these purposes are iron oxide, silver, gold, zinc oxide, and titanium [ 52 ]. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles, the first generation of nanomaterials approved for clinical use, are particularly used owing to their superparamagnetic properties, which have increased the possibilities for developing novel and efficient biomedical applications [ 52 , 53 , 54 ], such as targeted drug and gene delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, biosensors, cancer detection and treatment, diagnosis and magnetic field-assisted radiotherapy, and tissue engineering [ 55 ].…”

“…The most common inorganic nanoparticles used for these purposes are iron oxide, silver, gold, zinc oxide, and titanium [ 52 ]. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles, the first generation of nanomaterials approved for clinical use, are particularly used owing to their superparamagnetic properties, which have increased the possibilities for developing novel and efficient biomedical applications [ 52 , 53 , 54 ], such as targeted drug and gene delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, biosensors, cancer detection and treatment, diagnosis and magnetic field-assisted radiotherapy, and tissue engineering [ 55 ]. The common types of iron oxide nanoparticles, which belong to the ferrimagnetic class of magnetic nanomaterials, are magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ), and mixed ferrites (MFe 2 O 4 , where M = Co, Mn, Ni or Zn) [ 52 , 53 , 56 , 57 ].…”

Magnetically responsive layer-by-layer microcapsules can be retained in cells and under flow conditions to promote local drug release without triggering ROS production

“…28 When SPIONs are used to provide magnetic responsiveness, there is however the concern that detrimental effects on cells will be caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 29 Iron is known to catalyse the Fenton reaction that converts hydrogen peroxide, a product of lysosomes or mitochondrial oxidative respiration, into a highly toxic hydroxyl free radical (OH • ). Despite this concern, in previous studies we have shown that SPION containing microcapsules are well tolerated by cells.…”