Iron and Steel in Ancient China

Wagner, Donald B.

doi:10.1163/9789004484115

Cited by 86 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…For FT-IR, the KBr pellet showed a good spectrum by transmission measurements for the aromatic structure of graphite, because FT-IR spectra are not associated with crystal structure of graphite . The KBr pellet produced a band ∼1630 cm −1 (H 2 O molecule) due to a moisture effect, and it was partially overlapped with the ∼1580 cm −1 of the graphite band . The FT-IR spectra of GCI and GCIP were consistent with that of GST in Figure and with those in previous reports. , …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Biological/Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Targets. 2. Physical, Morphological, and Structural Characteristics

2008

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The number of biological/biomedical applications that require AMS to achieve their goals is increasing, and so is the need for a better understanding of the physical, morphological, and structural traits of high quality of AMS targets. The metrics of quality included color, hardness/texture, and appearance (photo and SEM), along with FT-IR, Raman, and powder X-ray diffraction spectra that correlate positively with reliable and intense ion currents and accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of fraction modern (Fm). Our previous method produced AMS targets of gray-colored iron−carbon materials (ICM) 20% of the time and of graphite-coated iron (GCI) 80% of the time. The ICM was hard, its FT-IR spectra lacked the sp2 bond, its Raman spectra had no detectable G′ band at 2700 cm−1, and it had more iron carbide (Fe3C) crystal than nanocrystalline graphite or graphitizable carbon (g-C). ICM produced low and variable ion current whereas the opposite was true for the graphitic GCI. Our optimized method produced AMS targets of graphite-coated iron powder (GCIP) 100% of the time. The GCIP shared some of the same properties as GCI in that both were black in color, both produced robust ion current consistently, their FT-IR spectra had the sp2 bond, their Raman spectra had matching D, G, G′, D+G, and D′′ bands, and their XRD spectra showed matching crystal size. GCIP was a powder that was easy to tamp into AMS target holders that also facilitated high throughput. We concluded that AMS targets of GCIP were a mix of graphitizable carbon and Fe3C crystal, because none of their spectra, FT-IR, Raman, or XRD, matched exactly those of the graphite standard. Nevertheless, AMS targets of GCIP consistently produced the strong, reliable, and reproducible ion currents for high-throughput AMS analysis (270 targets per skilled analyst/day) along with accurate and precise Fm values.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…On the other hand our optimized CO 2 reduction method formed only GCIP (black, soft powder, uniform, fuzz) 100% of the time . In general, the presence of a nongraphitic carbon or Fe 3 C crystal resulted in the formation of a harder carbon structure than a compact graphitized carbon. , …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biological/Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Targets. 2. Physical, Morphological, and Structural Characteristics

2008

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“…The ledeburite, cementite, and graphite flakes in sample XK014 show the characteristics of mottled cast iron, which was probably cast and cooled down very slowly in the mold to obtain grey cast iron, but not very successfully. According to the EDS data (Supplementary Material S2), the silicon content in XK014 and XK015 are 0.28% and 0.43% respectively, which is very low and in line with cast iron objects in ancient China (Wagner, 1993). However, the more silicon content in cast iron objects the easier and better for the solidification process (Zhang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Analytical Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Early use and production of iron in the northern Shaanxi: A perspective on iron objects excavated from the Yuejiazhuang cemetery site

et al. 2022

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Yuejiazhuang is a cemetery site of Qin people in the Northern Shaanxi, China, and it is dated to the mid-late Warring States Period. Ninety-two iron objects were excavated from the Yuejiazhuang cemetery site, which provide an opportunity to understand the use and production of iron in the Northern Shaanxi. The metallurgical and statistical study has revealed that bloomery iron, cast iron, and steel made from cast iron were adopted in the Northern Shaanxi during the mid-late Warring States Period. In the meanwhile, cast iron and steel made from cast iron became dominant in the Northern Shaanxi.

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“…According to various hypotheses relating to the origins of casting, cast iron as a construction material was invented in China in the 5th century BC, and became available in Europe around the 15th century (1454) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Some evidence of knowledge on the properties of cast iron, i.e., its resistance to load/stress coupled with lack of tensile strength can be traced to those times.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, cast iron was used to make pots, pagodas and tools. But ever since a method of annealing cast iron to strengthen the surface layer and produce a less brittle surface was developed in ancient China, cast iron found wider application in the world economy at that time [1,12]. For example, the Ni-Resist austenitic chromium-nickel-copper cast iron was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century and used to construct diesel engine cylinder blocks given its resistance to corrosion [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Determinants for High-Alloyed Cast Irons for Mechanical Engineering

Pacha-Gołębiowska

Piekarska

2022

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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This work presents the factors determining cast iron, and particularly austenitic high-alloy cast iron as a construction material, which is ranked among the leading casting alloys of iron with carbon, mainly due to its very good service properties, which makes it dedicated as a material for automotive castings, pipe and fitting castings and components resistant to elevated temperatures, corrosion and abrasive wear. Construction materials currently used in industry have increasingly better properties and their potential is depleting quickly. This forces the manufacturers to adjust the requirements and production capabilities of cast iron using the most modern technologies that give the expected beneficial economic and operating effects. The paper quotes the results of research in the field of the offered technologies that give special surface features to machine parts made of cast iron by modernising the parameters of the technological process of obtaining high-alloy austenitic cast iron, i.e., by applying coatings, as well as by appropriate surface treatment, the aim of which is and reinforce the material surface with those properties which are important in a given application.

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Iron and Steel in Ancient China

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Biological/Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Targets. 2. Physical, Morphological, and Structural Characteristics

Biological/Biomedical Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Targets. 2. Physical, Morphological, and Structural Characteristics

Early use and production of iron in the northern Shaanxi: A perspective on iron objects excavated from the Yuejiazhuang cemetery site

Key Determinants for High-Alloyed Cast Irons for Mechanical Engineering

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