Irisin: An anti-inflammatory exerkine in aging and redox-mediated comorbidities

Abstract

Human beings lead largely sedentary lives. From an evolutionary perspective, such lifestyle is not beneficial to health. Exercise can promote many enabling pathways, particularly through circulating exerkines, to optimize individual health and quality of life. Such benefits might explain the protective effects of exercise against aging and noncommunicable diseases. Nevertheless, the miRNA-mediated molecular mechanisms and exerkine interorgan crosstalk that underlie the beneficial effects of exercise remain poorly understood. In this mini review, we focused on the exerkine, irisin, mainly produced by muscle contraction during adaptation to exercise and its beneficial effects on body homeostasis. Herein, the complex role of irisin in metabolism and inflammation is described, including its subsequent effects on thermogenesis through browning to control obesity and improve glycemic regulation for diabetes mellitus control, its potential to improve cognitive function (via brain derived neurotrophic factor), and its pathways of action and role in aging.

(-)-epicatechin treatment did not modify the thermogenic pathway in the gastrocnemius muscle of male rat offspring obeses by programming

“…10,13 In addition, the Fndc5/irisin protein can induce mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. 5,33 Likewise, it has been described that Fndc5/irisin expression only at the mRNA level 34 or in both mRNA and protein expression 35,36 are decreased in skeletal muscle of a model of obese animal induced by HFD.…”

Epigenetic modifications in obesity‐associated diseases

“…265 From a mechanistic standpoint, miRNAs released from skeletal muscle may be involved in the regulation of irisin expression. 265 Exercise can influence the miRNA expression profile in exosomes derived from myotubes and upregulate the expression of genes associated with anti-inflammatory responses and appetite regulation. 266 The effects of exercise are comprehensive, and designing a tailored exercise plan based on individual conditions can enhance insulin sensitivity and cardiopulmonary health.…”

“…Physical exercise can stimulate the release of ncRNAs and alleviate metabolic abnormalities by impacting intertissue communication 264 . The myokine irisin, primarily derived from contracted skeletal muscles, plays a key role in improving glucose tolerance and suppressing IR 265 . From a mechanistic standpoint, miRNAs released from skeletal muscle may be involved in the regulation of irisin expression 265 .…”

“…The myokine irisin, primarily derived from contracted skeletal muscles, plays a key role in improving glucose tolerance and suppressing IR 265 . From a mechanistic standpoint, miRNAs released from skeletal muscle may be involved in the regulation of irisin expression 265 . Exercise can influence the miRNA expression profile in exosomes derived from myotubes and upregulate the expression of genes associated with anti‐inflammatory responses and appetite regulation 266 .…”

Exercise rescues cognitive deterioration in naturally aged rats via PGC1α/FNDC5/irisin/AMPK signaling pathway to restore redox, endothelial, and neuronal homeostasis

“…Remarkably exerkines or myokines, muscular hormones secreted in response to exercise, gained attention. They certify crosstalk between the muscle and brain in addition to other organs, resulting in physiological benefits from exercise [8].Among these, irisin was just acknowledged as an important exerkine. It is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5…”