“…Moreover, IrO 2 -based electrodes could be used in many application fields, since their pH response is not affected by most anions present in environmental systems, such as Na + , K + , Li + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cl − , Br − , NO 3 − , nor by the main complexing agents present in biological systems, such as citrate, lactate and phosphate [53]. For these reasons, IrO 2 has been widely employed for the sensing of glucose, hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, metal ions, organophosphates, and pesticides [55]. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration approved IrO 2 as a high biocompatible material, facilitating its application in biosensors [56,57], probe for fluorescence imaging [58], photodynamic/photothermal therapy [59], and stimulating and recording electrodes [60,61].…”