Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective

Arjomand, Saïd Amir

doi:10.2307/2010199

Cited by 40 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Bayat () argues that the Hierocracy clearly falls within the category of an Islamist social movement. This is concurrent with the characterization of the Hierocracy by scholars such as Said Arjomand () and Vali Nasr (). Classification becomes less clear when discussing the Brotherhood.…”

Section: Islamist and Post‐islamist Movements: What Are The Differences?supporting

confidence: 58%

“…Throughout the protests social groups of various backgrounds and ideological orientations united in opposition against Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Arjomand () lists the petty bourgeois (semi‐autonomous peasantry and small‐scale merchants), new middle class (young, educated professionals), traditional bourgeoisie (merchants, etc. ), and of course the Hierocracy as the significant social groups involved in the revolution.…”

Section: Historical Context Of the Iranian Revolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Matter of Framing: Explaining the Failure of Post‐Islamist Social Movements in the Arab Spring

Hoyle

2016

Digest Mid East Studies

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Shortly after the Arab Spring began in 2010, multiple scholars noted that the dominant discursive trend present within these protests was that of post-Islamism. Post-Islamism is broadly defined as an ideology seeking to establish a democratic state within a distinctly Islamic society. Despite the presence of post-Islamist opportunity structures, social movements embodying post-Islamist principles have had little success consolidating power. The theoretical argument presented here is that the failure of these movements is the result of inherent flaws within post-Islamist frames. Specifically, this study posits that unlike traditional Islamist frames (i.e., frames emphasizing the creation of a state governed by Shari'a) post-Islamist frames limit the ability of movements' to monopolize religion as a cultural asset. As such, when post-Islamist movements face political challenges during contentious periods they cannot rely on nontemporal legitimacy to retain power. Additionally, the challenging task of integrating Islamic and democratic frames in contentious moments renders post-Islamist movements susceptible to counterframing. The preceding claims will be tested through a comparative analysis of the Iranian Hierocracy (1977)(1978)(1979), and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). Comparing the experiences of a post-Islamist movement (Brotherhood) with that of an Islamist movement (Hierocracy) will explicate the flaws within post-Islamist frames.The major question which will guide this study is if the opportunity structure present at the outset of the 2010 Arab Uprisings was indeed post-Islamist, why did post-Islamist social movements struggle to consolidate power? Using a comparative case study design focusing on the Iranian Hierocracy (1977-1979) and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (2011, my study explicates the reasons why, despite decided advantages in terms of mobilization structures and state capacity (more on this latter), the Brotherhood were unable to replicate the Hierocracy's successful consolidation of power. It is my contention that comparing the experiences of a post-Islamist movement (Brotherhood) with that of an Islamist movement (Hierocracy) is the most effective method for explicating the problems within post-Islamist frames. While this study acknowledges that all Islamists did not share the success of the Hierocracy, their challenges have been documented elsewhere (Bayat, 2007(Bayat, , 2011. As such, the explanation for why of some Islamist movements have succeeded and others have not is beyond the scope of this study.The theoretical argument presented here is that as opportunity structures in Muslim-majority societies become more post-Islamist in character, Islamist framing strategies will resonate with few segments of civil society. The dilemma which then arises is that if groups use Islamist framing techniques (i.e., strategies of the Hierocracy), they risk alienating large portions of the population who value democracy. However, by adopting post-Islamist techniques movements...

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Section: Islamist and Post‐islamist Movements: What Are The Differences?supporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Historical Context Of the Iranian Revolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Matter of Framing: Explaining the Failure of Post‐Islamist Social Movements in the Arab Spring

Hoyle

2016

Digest Mid East Studies

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“…If we compare to others revolution such as in the English, China, the Russian, and the Cuban, the anti foreign aspiration in challenging the legitimacy of the social structure also was a major factor of the protest movements. 7 Furthermore, one of the most controversial policies issued by Shah Iran was a "White Revolution" in 1960s. By this program, the regime created a land reform program, redistributed land to wealthier peasants, extended state control to villages, and reduced the power of the bazaari's institution.…”

Section: Historical Background Of the Islamic Revolution In Iranmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Export Of Islamic Revolution in Iran And Threat For The Us, The Soviet Union, And Arab Countries

Fanani

2012

AIIJIS

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ABSTRAKHubungan antara Islam dan Barat merupakan masalah penting di dunia internasioanl dewasa ini. Islam dan negara-negara Muslim merupakan bagian dari factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dinamika politik di dunia. Terkait hal ini, Revolusi islam di Iran pada tahun 1979 adalah satu dari isu-isu utama yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap pembentukan hubungan antara islam dan Barat, bahkan hingga saat ini. Hal ini karena revolusi tersebut menginspirasi munculnya gerakan-gerakan islam di seluruh dunia dan memicu gerakan sentiment anti Amerika di kalangan Muslim. Revolusi tersebut juga membentuk persepsi tentang ancaman dari fundamentalisme Islam di dunia Barat. Artikel ini menganalisa latarbelakang dan konteks Revolusi Islam di Iran dan dampaknya bagi Amerika, Rusia dan Negara-negara Arab. Tulisan ini menegaskan bahwa Revolusi Iran merupakan ancaman bagi seluruh banyak negara karena Iran telah menempatkan revolusi tersebut sebagai aset yang dapat diekspor ke negara-negara lain. Revolusi ini setidaknya menantang kepentingan-kepentingan negara-negara Barat di Timur Tengah yang terkait dengan supply minyak dan gas bumi. Revolusi Iran juga mengancam rejim-rejim otoritarian di Timur Tengah yang menindas melakukan penindasan terhadap masyarakat dengan dalih Islam.

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“…A ALIANZA ESTRATÉGICA Hasta la revolución islámica de 1979, Irán y Venezuela eran aliados de Estados Unidos. El régimen del sha Reza Pahlavi mantenía una plataforma de modernización pro occidental y pro estadounidense, seriamente compro-metido en su alianza con Israel y con Estados Unidos, con una importante presencia económica y militar de Washington (Arjomand, 1986). En cuanto a Venezuela, los gobiernos democráticos, que surgen tras la dictadura militar (1948)(1949)(1950)(1951)(1952)(1953)(1954)(1955)(1956)(1957)(1958), van a ser un indicador de estabilidad regional, al tiempo que mantendrán significativas relaciones políticas y militares con Washington (Romero, 2006).…”

Section: Irán Y Venezuela: De Socios Energéticosunclassified

La Presencia De Irán en América Latina a Través De Su Influencia en Los Países Del Alba

Caro

Rodríguez

2009

Atenea (Concepc.)

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En este artículo examinamos la presencia de Irán en América Latina a través de sus conexiones con tres países miembros de la Alternativa Bolivariana para América Latina y el Caribe (ALBA)-Venezuela, Nicaragua, Bolivia-y un observador de esta agrupación-Ecuador-. Postulamos que estas relaciones no se limitan al ámbito económico, sino que incorporan también los campos político, cultural y militar. Se trata de una relación estratégica, de la cual ambos lados pretenden sacar ventajas políticas, buscando opacar el aislamiento internacional de Irán, por una parte, y presentarse como una plataforma de oposición a los Estados Unidos, por otra, enmarcada en un encuentro sur-sur.

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Iran's Islamic Revolution in Comparative Perspective

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

A Matter of Framing: Explaining the Failure of Post‐Islamist Social Movements in the Arab Spring

A Matter of Framing: Explaining the Failure of Post‐Islamist Social Movements in the Arab Spring

The Export Of Islamic Revolution in Iran And Threat For The Us, The Soviet Union, And Arab Countries

La Presencia De Irán en América Latina a Través De Su Influencia en Los Países Del Alba

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