IoT Public Fog Nodes Reputation System: A Decentralized Solution Using Ethereum Blockchain

Debe, Mazin; Salah, Khaled; Rehman, Muhammad Habib ur; Svetinovic, Davor

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2958355

Cited by 96 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…After depositing, the device tries to connect to a fog node by providing its EA. It is worth noting that the device gets the EA of the fog node from off-chain resources which was explained in the previous work preceding this research paper [24]. If the device does not have enough balance in its account, an error message is going to appear as seen in Fig.…”

Section: A Validationmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Such a reputation system presents an ideal extension of the functionality of the monetization system proposed in this paper. The proposed reputation solution in [24] was decentralized and was implemented on the Ethereum blockchain using smart contracts. In this solution, the fog nodes provide services to the devices and the devices provide their feedback about these services.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the device claims that the amount is wrong, the payment is frozen and the trust is established by using the reputation score. As described in [24], this method assumes that the majority of devices are honest as it proposes a method to avoid collusion.…”

Section: Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetization of Services Provided by Public Fog Nodes Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts

2020

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Public fog nodes can be deployed in public places closer to the edge where many personal and commercial devices (e.g., a sensor, an application, or a device) can connect to. These public fog nodes can provide real-time and localized services for networking, computing, storage and content delivery to the connected devices. The monetization and payment of such services is typically manual, centralized, and lacks the necessary trust. The providers of the public fog nodes typically offer fixed pricing models for their services, and the customers manually select and pay for the used services, with little or no transparency and trust in the provided service in terms of the used time, network bandwidth, and quality of service (QoS). This paper presents a novel scheme to enable blockchain-based monetization and automated payment in cryptocurrency for services provided by public fog nodes. The proposed scheme is decentralized, trustworthy, automated, and with certain guarantees for QoS, customer satisfaction, and dispute resolutions through a reputation system. The proposed solution uses the Ethereum blockchain and its native smart contract features to govern the interactions between devices and fog nodes. The proposed solution is implemented, tested and evaluated to show correct behavior and functionality. We also provide cost and security analysis and show that our solution is resilient against major security attacks. Our smart contract is made publicly available on Github 1. INDEX TERMS Blockchain, public fog nodes, fog computing, pricing models, monetization, automated payments.

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Section: A Validationmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetization of Services Provided by Public Fog Nodes Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts

2020

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“…The increasing transaction-rate also requires blockchain nodes to be more resource-rich to mine large-sized blocks. The incorporation of an additional edge or fog-based layer [130] in the existing frameworks for data pre-processing can help to minimize the transaction rate. Besides, communication through off-chain channels and data compression techniques can be handy to handle transaction escalating rate.…”

Section: Transaction Throughput and Network Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain and COVID-19 Pandemic: Applications and Challenges

Ahmad¹,

Salah²,

Jayaraman³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The year 2020 has witnessed the emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that has rapidly spread and adversely affected the global economy, health, and human lives. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the limitations of existing healthcare systems regarding its inadequacy to timely and efficiently handle public health emergencies. A large portion of today's healthcare systems are centralized and fall short in providing necessary information security and privacy, data immutability, transparency, and traceability features to detect frauds related to COVID-19 vaccination certification, anti-body testing, and medical supplies. Blockchain technology can assist to combat the COVID-19 pandemic by assuring safe and reliable medical supplies, accurate identification of virus hot spots, and establishing data provenance to verify the genuine personal protective equipment that is decentralized, trustworthy, traceable, and transparent. In this paper, we discuss the potential blockchain applications for the COVID-19 pandemic. We present the high-level design of three blockchain-based systems to enable the governments and medical professionals to efficiently handle health emergencies caused by COVID-19. We discuss the important ongoing blockchain-based research projects to demonstrate the adoption of blockchain technology for the COVID-19. Finally, we identify and discuss future research challenges along with their key causes and guidelines.

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“…Moreover, considering the high volume of transactions for telehealth services, the storage requirements of distributed ledger technology also increases. The incorporation of an additional edge or fog-based layer [69] in the existing frameworks for data preprocessing can help to minimize the transaction rate.…”

Section: Large-sized Health Data and Escalating Transaction Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Blockchain Technology in Telehealth and Telemedicine

Ahmad¹,

Salah²,

Jayaraman³

et al. 2020

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<div><b>Objectives: </b>Telehealth and telemedicine systems aim to deliver remote healthcare services to mitigate the spread of COVID‐19. Also, they can help to manage scarce healthcare resources to control the massive burden of COVID-19 patients in hospitals. However, a large portion of today's telehealth and telemedicine systems are centralized and fall short of providing necessary information security and privacy, operational transparency, health records immutability, and traceability to detect frauds related to patients' insurance claims and physician credentials.</div><div><b>Methods: </b>The current study has explored the potential opportunities and adaptability challenges for blockchain technology in telehealth and telemedicine sector. It has explored the key role that blockchain technology can play to provide necessary information security and privacy, operational transparency, health records immutability, and traceability to detect frauds related to patients' insurance claims and physician credentials.</div><div><b>Results: </b>Blockchain technology can improve telehealth and telemedicine services by offering remote healthcare services in a manner that is decentralized, tamper-proof, transparent, traceable, reliable, trustful, and secure. It enables health professionals to accurately identify frauds related to physician educational credentials and medical testing kits commonly used for home-based diagnosis.</div><div><b>Conclusions: </b>Wide deployment of blockchain in telehealth and telemedicine technology is still in its infancy. Several challenges and research problems need to be resolved to enable the widespread adoption of blockchain technology in telehealth and telemedicine systems.</div><div> </div><div><br></div>

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IoT Public Fog Nodes Reputation System: A Decentralized Solution Using Ethereum Blockchain

Cited by 96 publications

References 23 publications

Monetization of Services Provided by Public Fog Nodes Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts

Monetization of Services Provided by Public Fog Nodes Using Blockchain and Smart Contracts

Blockchain and COVID-19 Pandemic: Applications and Challenges

The Role of Blockchain Technology in Telehealth and Telemedicine

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