Blockchain and COVID-19 Pandemic: Applications and Challenges

Ahmad, Raja Wasim; Salah, Khaled; Jayaraman, Raja; Yaqoob, Ibrar; Ellahham, Samer; Omar, Mohammed

doi:10.36227/techrxiv.12936572

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Also, the bags carrying the COVID-19 related waste should be sealed properly to assure that they are not exposed by the handlers during their shipment. Blockchain, in this case, can assist in monitoring the shipment and issue penalties to the waste handlers on identifying any non-compliance with waste transportation rules [33], [62]. It is desired that the COVID-19 waste should be transported by licensed users.…”

Section: E Penalties For Non-compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, laws and regulations for blockchain are not mature enough, thereby affecting its adaptability in the waste management industry. Finally, organizational factors such as training facilities, top management support, perceived cost of investment, and available human resources greatly influence the adoption of blockchain into waste management within smart cities [7], [62], [99].…”

Section: G Incentives Management and Slow Blockchain Adoptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

Ahmad

Jayaraman

Yaqoob³

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal by improving human health, protecting the aquatic ecosystem, and reducing air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized. This fact makes them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchainbased smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

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Section: E Penalties For Non-compliancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: G Incentives Management and Slow Blockchain Adoptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

Ahmad

Jayaraman

Yaqoob³

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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“…• Artificial Intelligence (AI) based solutions [10]- [14]: useful to predict, analyse and diagnose the states of patients with COVID-19 and to automatically detection of COVID-19 cases. • Blockchain-enabled IoMT to Combat COVID-19 [15]- [17]. • Nano-enabled biosensing intelligent towards COVID-19 management [18].…”

Section: A General Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors explored the opportunities of such technology mainly from the security point of view, given its properties. Diverse applications for the use of the blockchain technologies are presented in [17] and [18]. Moreover, the possible combinations of the blockchain technology with AI techniques are reviewed in [16].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connected Medical Kiosks to Counter COVID-19: Needs, Architecture & Design Guidelines

Fourati

Rekhis

Ayed

et al. 2021

2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)

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In several countries, the connected systems and especially the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) based systems has been deployed with other advanced technologies to counter and to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 known as (COVID-19) and to smooth the severity of the pandemic. Accordingly, many IoMT-based systems merged with the use of blockchain, artificial intelligence and big data analytics proposed and adopted by diverse countries and governments to counter COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, this paper highlights the needs, the architecture, the design guidelines and the provided services related to our proposed system named (CMK-COVID: Connected Medical Kiosks to Counter COVID-19). Besides that, this paper offers useful insights into the literature related IoMTbased solutions countering COVID-19.

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“…Blockchain has a wide range of applications from e-commerce, to supply chain management [9]. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, blockchain has proven to be a versatile technology that can be used in several applications to mitigate the spread of infections [10], [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Contact Tracing Using Blockchain

et al. 2021

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Contact tracing has widely been adopted to control the spread of Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). It enables to identify, assess, and manage people who have been exposed to COVID-19, thereby preventing from its further transmission. Today's most of the contact tracing approaches, tools, and solutions fall short in providing decentralized, transparent, traceable, immutable, auditable, secure, and trustworthy features. In this paper, we propose a decentralized blockchain-based COVID-19 contact tracing solution. Contact tracing can greatly suffice the need for a speedy response to a pandemic. We leverage the immutable and tamperproof features of blockchain to enforce trust, accountability, and transparency. Trusted and registered oracles are used to bridge the gap between on-chain and off-chain data. With no third parties involved or centralized servers, the users' medical information is not prone to invasion, hacking, or abuse. Each user is registered using their digital medical passports. To respect the privacy of the users, their locations are updated with a time delay of 20 minutes. Using Ethereum smart contracts, transactions are executed on-chain with emitted events and immutable logs. We present details of the implemented algorithms and their testing analysis. We evaluate the proposed approach using security, cost, and privacy parameters to show its effectiveness. The smart contracts code is publicly made available on GitHub.

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Blockchain and COVID-19 Pandemic: Applications and Challenges

Cited by 21 publications

References 69 publications

Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

Connected Medical Kiosks to Counter COVID-19: Needs, Architecture & Design Guidelines

COVID-19 Contact Tracing Using Blockchain

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