Ion transport and storage of ionic liquids in ionic polymer conductor network composites

Liu, Yang; Liu, Sheng; Lin, Jixing; Wang, Dong; Jain, Vaibhav; Montazami, Reza; Heflin, James R.; Li, Jing; Madsen, Louis A.; Zhang, Q. M.

doi:10.1063/1.3432664

Cited by 74 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…As shown in the plot in Fig. 2c, the initial time to respond to the actuation field was as short as 1 s where the movement was gradually suspended at around 20 s. Notably, no back relaxation was detected for an extended interval of up to 1,800 s, which is known as one of the common drawbacks of conventional actuators that limit the frequency range and accuracy of the actuator's motion control 25,35 . This implies that the diffusion of [PF6] anions within nanoscale PSS domains is also fast as that of [HMIm] cations upon applying the actuation field and, thus, the back diffusion with extended actuation time is not taking place.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current ionic polymer actuators are yet short of the requirements, especially because of the slow actuation response and drastically reduced displacements under low-voltage operation 24 . A large number of actuators have also revealed the inherent drawback of a limited electrochemical stability window of the applied voltage, which is intimately linked to the physicochemical instability of additive molecules, leading to deterioration of performance with prolonged operation 25 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In fact, research on actuators comprising ionic liquids has commonly used a few conventional polymers 25,26 , thus impeding major advances in ionic polymer actuators, which essentially require the optimization of ion transport characteristics and mechanical properties of the polymer layer. In this respect, the use of microphase-separated polymers in actuators has recently been proposed as a promising means to elevate the actuator performance 7,10,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The above requirements and challenges have spurred researches to utilize ionic liquids in the actuators 13,22,25,26 because of their fascinating characteristics of negligible vapour pressure, high ionic conductivity and a large electrochemical stability window 27,28 . The use of ionic liquids resulted in improved actuation performance in a wide window of applied voltage 15,29 , which was attributed to effective swelling at the cathode and shrinkage at the anode as a result of the migration of cations and anions dissociated from the ionic liquids.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The reliable response of the actuators in air is also achieved with the utilization of hydrophobic ionic liquids by reducing the tendency to absorb water 30,31 . To design ionic liquid-containing polymer electrolytes that suit the actuators, recent studies have concentrated on the application of a range of ionic liquids, taking into account the different van der Waals' volumes of cations and anions, and the concentration polarization derived from dissimilar diffusivities of the cations and anions 25,29,32 .…”

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Fast low-voltage electroactive actuators using nanostructured polymer electrolytes

2013

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Electroactive actuators have received enormous interest for a variety of biomimetic technologies ranging from robotics and microsensors to artificial muscles. Major challenges towards practically viable actuators are the achievement of large electromechanical deformation, fast switching response, low operating voltage and durable operation. Here we report a new electroactive actuator composed of self-assembled sulphonated block copolymers and ionic liquids. The new actuator demonstrated improvements in actuation properties over other polymer actuators reported earlier, large generated strain (up to 4%) without any signs of back relaxation. In particular, the millimetre-scale displacements obtained for the actuators, with rapid response (o1 s) at sub-1-V conditions over 13,500 cycles in air, have not been previously reported in the literature. The key to success stems from the evolution of the unique hexagonal structure of the polymer layer with domain size gradients beneath the cathode during actuation, which promotes the bending motion of the actuators.

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Fast low-voltage electroactive actuators using nanostructured polymer electrolytes

2013

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Electroactive Polymer Actuators

Ismail

Shabeeba

Sidheekha

et al. 2023

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have emerged as feasible materials to emulate biological muscles due to their ability to undergo significant changes in shape or size in response to electrical stimulation. They have received immense consideration in various fields of applications such as robotics, biomimetics, wearable electronics, prosthetics, optical devices, and so on owing to their mechanical flexibility, easy processing, light weight, low density, fracture tolerance, pliability, and the ability to induce large actuation strains than other conventional mechanically responsive polymers. Electronic EAPs including dielectric elastomers, ferroelectric polymers, liquid crystal elastomers, and electrostrictive graft polymers are driven by electric fields or Coulomb forces and require high voltage for activation. While ionic EAPs such as ionic polymer metal composites, ionic gels, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and electrorheological fluids are driven by the drifting or diffusion of ions and operate at lower voltages. The emphasis in this article is on the studies of key materials used in the field of electroactive polymer actuators, reviewing the mechanism that drives the actuation, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and discussing their applications.

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