Ion Thermalization and Wave Excitation Downstream of Earth’s Bow Shock

On the physics of collisionless shocks: Cluster investigations and simulations

“…Based on linear theory Liu et al (2005) provided a theory for marginally supercritical quasi-perpendicular shocks. In this model they include protons and alpha particles and they assume that the particles are scattered on a bi-spherical distribution when they are scattered by upstream and downstream waves.…”