Ion incorporation into bone grafting materials

Abstract

The use of biomaterials in regenerative medicine has expanded to treat various disorders caused by trauma or disease in orthopedics and dentistry. However, the treatment of large and complex bone defects presents a challenge, leading to a pressing need for optimized biomaterials for bone repair. Recent advances in chemical sciences have enabled the incorporation of therapeutic ions into bone grafts to enhance their performance. These ions, such as strontium (for bone regeneration/osteoporosis), copper (for angiogenesis), boron (for bone growth), iron (for chemotaxis), cobalt (for B12 synthesis), lithium (for osteogenesis/cementogenesis), silver (for antibacterial resistance), and magnesium (for bone and cartilage regeneration), among others (e.g., zinc, sodium, and silica), have been studied extensively. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and recent developments in ion incorporation into biomaterials for bone and periodontal tissue repair. It also discusses recently developed biomaterials from a basic design and clinical application perspective. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of precise ion introduction into biomaterials to address existing limitations and challenges in combination therapies. Future prospects and opportunities for the development and optimization of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering are emphasized.

Osteoporotic osseointegration: therapeutic hallmarks and engineering strategies

“…Bioactive ions that promote bone growth and specialized functional ions play significant roles in the processes of bone growth and repair, and their depletion may serve as an indication of systemic bone tissue diseases. However, these ions cannot be directly used as implants for treating osteoporosis 175 . Instead, they are commonly combined with matrix materials through coatings, chelation, etc., and subsequently released from these materials during bone damage repair.…”

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells via wet chemical precipitation: a review

“…20 Valuable trace ions in extracted HA play a crucial role in the bone regeneration process and are well known to accelerate the bone-formation process. 26,27 Synthetic HA with one or more trace ions can be produced with a laborious process; however, ion-substituted HA's cost is markedly more expensive than simple HA. 20,28–30…”

Dynamic Cross-Linking, Self-Healing, Antibacterial Hydrogel for Regenerating Irregular Cranial Bone Defects

“…While autologous bone grafts are vital for cranial bone defect reconstruction, they are constrained by autologous bone resorption and muscle tissue growth within the bone gap. , Alternative solutions such as allografts, peptide meshes, PEEK, and others address sourcing issues but are limited by immune rejection and infection transmission risks. To overcome these challenges, biomaterials in bone tissue engineering are gaining increasing attention. , Various materials such as metals, alloys, bioceramics, and polymers have been developed as alternative bone grafts. However, they face limitations such as nondegradability, causing chronic inflammation, poor mechanical properties, and the production of toxic byproducts.…”

“…To overcome these challenges, biomaterials in bone tissue engineering are gaining increasing attention. 8,9 Various materials such as metals, 10 alloys, 11 bioceramics, 12 and polymers 13 have been developed as alternative bone grafts. However, they face limitations such as nondegradability, 14 causing chronic inflammation, 15 poor mechanical properties, 16 and the production of toxic byproducts.…”