Ion-exchange and permselectivity properties of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) coatings on glassy carbon: application in the modification of mercury film electrodes for the direct voltammetric analysis of trace metals in estuarine waters

Properties of Poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)‐Ionic Liquid Composite Film and Its Application in the Determination of Trace Metals Combined with Bismuth Film Electrode

“…Figure 3 shows scanning electron micrographs of GC/PSS (A), and the GC/PSS-BMIMPF 6 before (B) and after (C) the deposition of bismuth film, respectively. As shown in Figure 3A, the PSS coating exhibited loose and spongy structure, which is consistent with that of Carapucas report [34]. The GC/PSS-BMIMPF 6 surface showed a translucent film and presented a morphology of spherical grains.…”

“…And the increase in sensitivity (ca. 45%) for the PSS-coated mercury film electrodes (MFEs) was due to higher ionexchange capacity comparing with NA-coated MFEs [34]. At the same time, the reproducibility of stripping currents of Cd and Pb at the GC/Gel-BMIMPF 6 /BiFE is quite poor, even after the electrode was cleaned electrochemically.…”

“…Previous results have shown that PSS modified GC can improve the stability and sensitivity of MFE in the ASV determination [34,35]. Therefore, we evaluated the reproducibility of the GC/PSS-BMIMPF 6 /BiFE for ASV by examining the differential pulse stripping currents for Cd and Pb.…”

Cellular microRNAs and Picornaviral Infections

“…[26][27][28] Following Dicer cleavage, shortened double-stranded miRNA duplex is loaded onto an Argonaute (AGO) protein to generate miRISC. [29][30][31] The mature miRNA is retained, whereas the passenger strand (referred to as miRNA*) is excluded from the miRISC and is degraded in most cases. However, recent publications have revealed that miRNAs* are also present at a relatively high level and have the ability to repress targets.…”

Highly Sensitive Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Cd, Zn and Pb Ions in Water Samples Using Stable Carbon‐Based Mercury Thin‐Film Electrode

“…Different approaches have been employed in an attempt to render a more reproducible electrode surface such as covering the electrode with a cellulosic coating [11,12] or coating the electrode surface with ion exchange polymers such as poly(ester sulfonic acid) [13][14][15], poly(3-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylazo)-4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid) [16], dithiocarboxylate compound [17], poly(ethyl 3-thiopheneacetate) [18,19], and overoxidized poly(pyrrole) [20]. The diffusion of small molecules/ions is frequently hindered, which leads to limited sensitivity of the voltammetric determinations and/or lack of reproducibility and repeatability of the electrode preparation because of the preparation procedures [11,19].…”