Iodine Deficiency in Northern Paris Area: Impact on Fetal Thyroid Mensuration

Abstract

IntroductionIodine is essential for normal fetal and neonatal development. We studied the prevalence and impact on fetal thyroid development of iodine deficiency in pregnant women in the northern part of the Paris conurbation.Materials and Methods110 patients underwent several determinations of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and of serum FT4, FT3, and TSH. Fetal thyroid gland size was assessed using ultrasonography.ResultsWe found evidence of widespread iodine deficiency (mean UIE, 49.8 µg/L [standard deviation, 2.11]). Iodine deficiency did not correlate significantly with maternal thyroid parameters but showed a significant negative correlation with fetal thyroid gland size (rho = 0.25, P = 0.02).ConclusionIodine deficiency during pregnancy is still a problem in our geographical area and affects the fetal thyroid gland.Clinical Trials.gov NCT00162539

Gestational changes of thyroid function and urinary iodine in thyroid antibody-negative Japanese women

“…However, the longitudinal analysis of data revealed a significant decrease of UIC at mid-gestation. The gestational change of UIC has been reported from various countries and the results are discordant irrespective of the iodine status of the study subjects or areas [24,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. The peak UIC value is observed at the first trimester in Ireland [40][41], Switzerland [45], Bosnia and Herzegovina [48], Iran [46], Sri Lanka [41], Tasmania (Australia) [47] and Japan [24], at the second trimester in Iran [44] and Mexico [50] or at the third trimester in Sweden [42], France [53], Sudan [42] and Hong Kong [43].…”

“…The peak UIC value is observed at the first trimester in Ireland [40][41], Switzerland [45], Bosnia and Herzegovina [48], Iran [46], Sri Lanka [41], Tasmania (Australia) [47] and Japan [24], at the second trimester in Iran [44] and Mexico [50] or at the third trimester in Sweden [42], France [53], Sudan [42] and Hong Kong [43]. With the progression of pregnancy, the median UIC either declined in Ireland [41], the United Kingdom [41], Switzerland [45], Bosnia and Herzegovina [48], Iran [46], India [52], Tasmania (Australia) [47] and Japan [24] or increased in iodinedeficient areas from Spain [49], France [51,53] and Hong Kong [43]. However, a statistically significant change was observed only in one study from Hong Kong [43], and the median UICs were not different between gestational stages in the studies from Sweden [42], northern Paris (France) [51], Sudan [42], Iran [44], Sri Lanka [41], Mexico [50] and Japan [24].…”

“…With the progression of pregnancy, the median UIC either declined in Ireland [41], the United Kingdom [41], Switzerland [45], Bosnia and Herzegovina [48], Iran [46], India [52], Tasmania (Australia) [47] and Japan [24] or increased in iodinedeficient areas from Spain [49], France [51,53] and Hong Kong [43]. However, a statistically significant change was observed only in one study from Hong Kong [43], and the median UICs were not different between gestational stages in the studies from Sweden [42], northern Paris (France) [51], Sudan [42], Iran [44], Sri Lanka [41], Mexico [50] and Japan [24]. All regions except Sudan and northern Paris are regarded as optimal iodine status suggesting that under the situation of sufficient iodine intake the increased renal balanced against the risk of iodine excess particularly in Japan, an iodine-sufficient area.…”

Screening of High-Risk Pregnant Women for Thyroid Dysfunctions in a Moderately Mild Iodine-Deficient Area

“…Iodine deficiency is still a health problem, not only worldwide but also in Europe. Recent French data show that in Northern Paris area the mean UIE was low (49.8µg/L), far under 100µg/L, the formerly considered normal value (Luton et al, 2011). Taking into account that WHO currently recommends a median UIE in pregnant women of 150-249 µg/L, this result is still more alarming.…”

Neurocognitive outcomes of children secondary to mild iodine deficiency in pregnant women

“…Similarly, in the Nice region, an evaluation conducted during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy revealed moderate iodine deficiency (median ioduria = 59 g/L) and 86% of pregnant women presented with an ioduria of less than 100 g/L [37]. In the Paris region in 1994, in a population of 434 patients, the median ioduria was of 58 g/L during the 1st trimester, of 57 g/L during the 2nd trimester and of 51 g/L during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, while more than 80% of values were below 100 g/L [38]. In 2003, in the Limousin region, the median ioduria was of 58 g/L during pregnancy and 76% of measured values were below 100 g/L.…”