Iodine and Selenium Intake in a Sample of Women of Childbearing Age in Palmerston North, New Zealand after Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

Shukri, Nurul Husna Mohd; Coad, Jane; Weber, Janet L.; Jin, Ying; Brough, Louise

doi:10.4236/fns.2014.54046

Cited by 8 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…A 2010 study in Palmerston North found women of childbearing age ( n = 50) had a median UIC of 65 µg/L and 30% with UIC < 50 µg/L [25]. A 2012 New Zealand study in Dunedin and Wellington found women aged 45–64 years ( n = 59) had a median UIC of 69 (42, 105) µg/L, with 32% with a UIC < 50 µg/L [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only two previous post-fortification studies have measured UIE in New Zealand women. Women of childbearing-age in Palmerston North ( n = 50) had a median UIE of 117 µg/day, and estimated intake of 130 µg/day [25]; women aged 45–64 years from Dunedin and Wellington ( n = 59) had a median UIE of 126 µg/day which equates to an intake of 140 µg/day [23]. The median iodine intakes from these three studies are below the RDI, and in the current study 25% had intakes less than the EAR, which suggests dietary inadequacy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine and Selenium Intakes of Postmenopausal Women in New Zealand

et al. 2017

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Iodine and selenium are required for thyroid function. This study investigated iodine and selenium intakes in healthy, women aged 50–70 years (n = 97) from three cities in the North Island of New Zealand, after mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt. Iodine and selenium concentrations were determined in 24-h urine samples; daily intakes were extrapolated from amounts in urine (90% and 55% of daily intake, respectively). Three day diet diaries (3DDD) also estimated selenium and iodine (excluding iodised salt) intake. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 57 (41, 78) µg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency. Estimated median iodine intake based on urine was 138 (100, 172) µg/day, below Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) (150 µg/day) with 25% below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (100 µg/day). Estimated median selenium intake was 50 (36, 71) µg/day based on urine and 45 (36, 68) µg/day using 3DDD, below RDI (60 µg/day) with 49%–55% below EAR (50 µg/day). Median bread intakes were low at 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) serves/day; 25% consumed ≤1 serve/day. Although population iodine intakes improved following mandatory fortification, some had low intakes. Selenium intakes remain low. Further research should investigate thyroid function of low consumers of iodine fortified bread and/or selenium in New Zealand.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine and Selenium Intakes of Postmenopausal Women in New Zealand

et al. 2017

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“…In our study, no association was found between selenium and iodine, and thyroid hormones (Table 5). However, several studies indicated that effects of selenium deficiency or excess on thyroid hormone biosynthesis in severe ID were more likely to be more pronounced than in mild ID [40][41][42][43]. Although, according to Rasmussen et al (2011), optimal selenium status might help to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), particularly thyroid gland enlargement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although, according to Rasmussen et al (2011), optimal selenium status might help to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), particularly thyroid gland enlargement. The study by Shukri et al (2014), suggested that severe selenium deficiency may exacerbate ID. However, the results from our study are in line with results from the larger study carried out in New Zealand [44].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine status in European women in New Zealand with moderate selenium deficiency

Jowitt¹,

Duxbury²

2017

Integr Mol Med

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For the optimal function of thyroid gland, adequate intakes of iodine and selenium are required. Since iodine is essential component of the thyroid hormones, its insufficiency leads to inadequate hormone production and further to inadequate tissue response (hypothyroidism), goitre, stillbirth and miscarriages, and growth retardation. According to the World Health Organisation the recommended median urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) are the best indicators of iodine nutrition. The WHO defines iodine sufficiency in an adult population as a median UIC of > 100 µg/L in spot urine samples. Iodine deficiency was and still is a problem in New Zealand. In September 2009 the mandatory fortification of all bread with iodized salt was introduced. Therefore, the primary aim of the study was to determine the levels of iodine in both groups, and the secondary aim of the study was to determine whether there is a relationship between selenium and iodine, and iodine and thyroid hormones in two groups of European women. Urinary iodine concentration was determined in spot samples by the new method called "Fast B", which is improved Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The results of the study showed the mean urinary iodine level in the control group and the group of women with the Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 120.77± 59.35 (median UIC was128.00 µg/L), and 98.64 ± 62.83 (median UIC was 95.00 µg/L), respectively. Estimated daily iodine intake of 150µg/ day was achieved in five participants in the control group, and four participants in the group of women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Estimated median iodine intake in the control group and Hashimoto's group was 142.22 and 105.55, respectively, indicating mild iodine deficiency. There was no significant relationships found between iodine and selenium, and iodine and thyroid hormones in both groups. The results of the current study are in line with the results from larger studies carried out in New Zealand. Iodine intakes appear to have improved after the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt in 2009, although iodine deficiency is still a problem in New Zealand. Using an iodine fortified bread clearly made an impact on the overall iodine intake but not to the expected level. There was no association found between iodine and selenium, and iodine and thyroid hormones. Any possible interaction between selenium and iodine is still unclear.

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“…Selenium deficiency and iron deficiency anemia may negatively affect thyroid hormone synthesis by impairing selenium- and iron-dependent enzyme activities, even if iodine status is adequate [ 5 ]. Most previous research has investigated iodine, selenium, and iron intake/status separately or a combination of any two of them among women of childbearing age [ 8 ] and postmenopausal women [ 9 ]. However, further research is needed to explore all three micronutrients together, acknowledging their close relationship in thyroid hormone synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mother and Infant Nutrition Investigation in New Zealand (MINI Project): Protocol for an Observational Longitudinal Cohort Study

et al. 2020

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Background Thyroid dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment, mood disturbance, and postnatal depression. Sufficient thyroid hormone synthesis requires adequate intake of iodine, selenium, and iron. Iodine deficiency was historically a problem for New Zealand, and initiatives were introduced to overcome the problem: (1) mandatory fortification of all bread (except organic) with iodized salt (2009) and (2) provision of subsidized iodine supplements for pregnant and breastfeeding women (2010). Subsequent to these initiatives, most adults and children have adequate iodine status; however, status among breastfeeding women and their infants remains unclear. This paper outlines the methodology of the Mother and Infant Nutrition Investigation (MINI) study: an observational longitudinal cohort study of breastfeeding women and their infants. Objective This study will determine (1) women’s iodine intake and status among supplement users and nonusers; (2) women’s intake and status of iodine, selenium, and iron relating to thyroid function; (3) associations between women’s selenium status, thyroid function, and postnatal depression; (4) infants’ iodine and selenium status relating to first year neurodevelopment. Methods Breastfeeding women aged over 16 years with a healthy term singleton infant were recruited from Manawatu, New Zealand. Participants attended study visits 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Maternal questionnaires investigated supplement use before and after birth, iodine knowledge, and demographic information. Dietary assessment and urine, blood, and breast milk samples were taken to measure iodine, selenium, and iron intake/status. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used repeatedly to screen for postnatal depression. Thyroid hormones (free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antithyroid peroxidase) were measured in blood samples, and thyroid gland volume was measured by ultrasound at 6 months postpartum. Infant iodine and selenium concentrations were determined in urine. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire was used to assess infant development at 4, 8, and 12 months. Results Data collection was completed. Biological samples analysis, excluding nail clippings, is complete. Data analysis and presentation of the results will be available after 2020. Conclusions This study will provide data on the current iodine status of breastfeeding women. It will also provide a greater understanding of the three essential minerals required for optimal thyroid function among breastfeeding women. The prospective longitudinal design allows opportunities to examine women’s mental health and infant neurodevelopment throughout the first year, a crucial time for both mothers and their infants. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12615001028594; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=369324 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18560

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Iodine and Selenium Intake in a Sample of Women of Childbearing Age in Palmerston North, New Zealand after Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Iodine and Selenium Intakes of Postmenopausal Women in New Zealand

Iodine and Selenium Intakes of Postmenopausal Women in New Zealand

Iodine status in European women in New Zealand with moderate selenium deficiency

Mother and Infant Nutrition Investigation in New Zealand (MINI Project): Protocol for an Observational Longitudinal Cohort Study

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