Involvement of Eukaryotic Small RNA Pathways in Host Defense and Viral Pathogenesis

Hicks, Julie A.; Liu, Hsiao‐Ching

doi:10.3390/v5112659

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…ncRNAs are also involved in the processes of epigenetic modification [62,63], which adds a further layer of complexity into the issue of gene expression. The role of miRNAs in viral infections, including the initiation and progression of infectious diseases, and especially respiratory infections, has been extensively reported [64][65][66][67].…”

Section: The Central Role Of Small Non-coding Rnas In Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Age, Sex, and COVID-19 Vaccination History on All-Cause Mortality: Unexpected Outcomes in a Complex Biological and Social System

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko²

2023

Preprint

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All vaccines exhibit both specific and non-specific effects. The specific effects are measured by the efficacy against the target pathogen, while the non-specific effects can be detected by the change in all-cause mortality . All-cause mortality data (gender, age band, vaccination history, month of death) between January 2021 and May 2022 was compiled by the Office for National Statistics. COVID–19 vaccination gave good protection on many occasions but less so for younger ages. Each gender and age group shows its own unique vaccination benefit/disbenefit time profile. Individuals are free to make vaccination decisions. For example, women aged 18-39 show a cohort who do not progress beyond the first or second dose. The all-cause mortality outcomes for the Omicron variant showed a very poor response to vaccination with 70% of sex/age/vaccination stage/month combinations increasing all-cause mortality, probably due to unfavorable antigenic distance between the first-generation vaccines and this variant, and additional non-specific effects. The all-cause mortality outcomes of COVID–19 vaccination is far more nuanced than have been widely appreciated, and virus vector appear better than the mRNA vaccines in this specific respect. The latter are seemingly more likely to increase all-cause mortality especially in younger age groups. An extensive discussion/literature review is included to provide potential explanations for the observed unexpected vaccine effects.

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Section: The Central Role Of Small Non-coding Rnas In Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Age, Sex, and COVID-19 Vaccination History on All-Cause Mortality: Unexpected Outcomes in a Complex Biological and Social System

Jones¹,

Ponomarenko²

2023

Preprint

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“…In sRNA-based plant immune response, the starred strand of miR393* also functions in plant defense [ 151 , 210 ]. In A. thaliana , AGO2 had been induced after P. syringae attack.…”

Section: Plant Small Rnas Against Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Responses to Pathogen Attack: Small RNAs in Focus

Islam

Noman

Qasim

et al. 2018

IJMS

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Small RNAs (sRNA) are a significant group of gene expression regulators for multiple biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, many sRNA silencing pathways produce extensive array of sRNAs with specialized roles. The evidence on record advocates for the functions of sRNAs during plant microbe interactions. Host sRNAs are reckoned as mandatory elements of plant defense. sRNAs involved in plant defense processes via different pathways include both short interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) that actively regulate immunity in response to pathogenic attack via tackling pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other effectors. In response to pathogen attack, plants protect themselves with the help of sRNA-dependent immune systems. That sRNA-mediated plant defense responses play a role during infections is an established fact. However, the regulations of several sRNAs still need extensive research. In this review, we discussed the topical advancements and findings relevant to pathogen attack and plant defense mediated by sRNAs. We attempted to point out diverse sRNAs as key defenders in plant systems. It is hoped that sRNAs would be exploited as a mainstream player to achieve food security by tackling different plant diseases.

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“… 58 , 74 , 75 Clearly, the interplay between host cellular miRNAs and HIV-1 pathogenesis occurs through a complicated combination of multiple pathways and requires further investigation to fully understand their role in modulating infection and control of HIV-1 infection. 73 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 …”

Section: Interaction Between Host Mirnas and Hiv-1 Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoter Targeting RNAs: Unexpected Contributors to the Control of HIV-1 Transcription

Suzuki

Ahlenstiel

Marks³

et al. 2015

Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids

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In spite of prolonged and intensive treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), which efficiently suppresses plasma viremia, the integrated provirus of HIV-1 persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells as latent infection. Treatment with cART does not substantially reduce the burden of latent infection. Once cART is ceased, HIV-1 replication recrudesces from these reservoirs in the overwhelming majority of patients. There is increasing evidence supporting a role for noncoding RNAs (ncRNA), including microRNAs (miRNAs), antisense (as)RNAs, and short interfering (si)RNA in the regulation of HIV-1 transcription. This appears to be mediated by interaction with the HIV-1 promoter region. Viral miRNAs have the potential to act as positive or negative regulators of HIV transcription. Moreover, inhibition of virally encoded long-asRNA can induce positive transcriptional regulation, while antisense strands of siRNA targeting the NF-κB region suppress viral transcription. An in-depth understanding of the interaction between ncRNAs and the HIV-1 U3 promoter region may lead to new approaches for the control of HIV reservoirs. This review focuses on promoter associated ncRNAs, with particular emphasis on their role in determining whether HIV-1 establishes active or latent infection.

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Involvement of Eukaryotic Small RNA Pathways in Host Defense and Viral Pathogenesis

Cited by 8 publications

References 96 publications

Effect of Age, Sex, and COVID-19 Vaccination History on All-Cause Mortality: Unexpected Outcomes in a Complex Biological and Social System

Effect of Age, Sex, and COVID-19 Vaccination History on All-Cause Mortality: Unexpected Outcomes in a Complex Biological and Social System

Plant Responses to Pathogen Attack: Small RNAs in Focus

Promoter Targeting RNAs: Unexpected Contributors to the Control of HIV-1 Transcription

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