Investigations on the stratification of forestomach contents in ruminants: an ultrasonographic approach

Tschuor, A; Clauß, Marcus

doi:10.1007/s10344-008-0188-5

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…More recent results have shown that such differences do not occur if species are measured on their natural diets (Hummel et al, 2008b;Lechner et al, 2010). Correspondingly, no difference in particle discrimination (mean retention of large vs. small particles in the RR) was evident between 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' ruminants , 2003b;Tschuor and Clauss, 2008;Hummel et al, 2009; inserts on omasum size from Hofmann, 1973). The dorsal and ventral rumen, the Atrium ruminis (Atr) and the reticulum (Ret) are indicated.…”

Section: Nutritional Nichementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The stronger rumen pillars of 'cattle-type' ruminants (Clauss et al, 2003b) are considered adaptations for contracting against a distinct fibre mat. In contrast, the rumen contents of more 'moose-type' ruminants are much less stratified or not at all (Figure 5b): Such ruminants have an even ruminal papillation (Clauss et al, 2009c; Figure 6 left side), no distinct gas dome (Tschuor and Clauss, 2008), weaker rumen pillars, more viscous rumen fluid (Clauss et al, 2009d;Clauss et al, 2009e), and a less distinct difference between fluid present in the dorsal and the ventral rumen (Figure 7). The higher fluid viscosity, and the ensuing inclusion of gas bubbles in the fluid in 'moose-type' ruminants ( Figure 5b) lead to a typical 'frothy' appearance of the ingesta (Clauss et al, 2001), and might also lead to a higher buffering capacity of the ingesta (because of CO 2 inclusion), which might require a thicker layer of the acid-producing abomasal mucosa (Hofmann, 1988).…”

Section: Nutritional Nichementioning

confidence: 98%

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Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems

Clauss

Hume

Hummel

2010

Animal

178

148

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Comparative physiology applies methods established in domestic animal science to a wider variety of species. This can lead to improved insight into evolutionary adaptations of domestic animals, by putting domestic species into a broader context. Examples include the variety of responses to seasonally fluctuating environments, different adaptations to heat and drought, and in particular adaptations to herbivory and various herbivore niches. Herbivores generally face the challenge that a high food intake compromises digestive efficiency (by reducing ingesta retention time and time available for selective feeding and for food comminution), and a variety of digestive strategies have evolved in response. Ruminants are very successful herbivores. They benefit from potential advantages of a forestomach without being constrained in their food intake as much as other foregut fermenters, because of their peculiar reticuloruminal sorting mechanism that retains food requiring further digestion but clears the forestomach of already digested material; the same mechanism also optimises food comminution. Wild ruminants vary widely in the degree to which their rumen contents 'stratify', with little stratification in 'moose-type' ruminants (which are mostly restricted to a browse niche) and a high degree of stratification into gas, particle and fluid layers in 'cattle-type' ruminants (which are more flexible as intermediate feeders and grazers). Yet all ruminants uniformly achieve efficient selective particle retention, suggesting that functions other than particle retention played an important role in the evolution of stratification-enhancing adaptations. One interesting emerging hypothesis is that the high fluid turnover observed in 'cattle-type' ruminants -which is a prerequisite for stratification -is an adaptation that not only leads to a shift of the sorting mechanism from the reticulum to the whole reticulorumen, but also optimises the harvest of microbial protein from the forestomach. Although potential benefits of this adaptation have not been quantified, the evidence for convergent evolution toward stratification suggests that they must be substantial. In modern production systems, the main way in which humans influence the efficiency of energy uptake is by manipulating diet quality. Selective breeding for conversion efficiency has resulted in notable differences between wild and domestic animals. With increased knowledge on the relevance of individual factors, that is fluid throughput through the reticulo-rumen, more specific selection parameters for breeding could be defined to increase productivity of domestic ruminants by continuing certain evolutionary trajectories.Keywords: herbivory, hindgut fermenter, foregut fermenter, browser, grazer ImplicationsUnderstanding evolutionary adaptations of ruminants will have an impact on (i) husbandry of captive wild ruminants, many of which cannot be kept or fed as domestic ruminants and (ii) research for continuous refinement of the production potential of domestic ruminants, ...

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Section: Nutritional Nichementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Nutritional Nichementioning

confidence: 98%

Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems

Clauss

Hume

Hummel

2010

Animal

178

148

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“…The ruminal wall appears echogenic. Reverberation artefacts running parallel to the ruminal wall are seen in the region of the dorsal gas cap [27]. The ingesta are located in the middle of the rumen and appear echogenic with gaseos inclusions.…”

Section: Rumenmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ultrasonography of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cattle

Braun

2009

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Ultrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for the investigation of bovine gastrointestinal disorders, the most common of which are traumatic reticuloperitonitis, left and right displacement of the abomasum, ileus of the small intestine, and dilatation and displacement of the cecum. An ultrasonographic examination is performed on nonsedated, standing cattle using a 3.5 MHz to 5.0 linear or convex transducer. When a tentative diagnosis has been made based on the clinical findings, often only the region in question is examined. For example, in cases with suspected traumatic reticuloperitonitis, the examination is performed in the sternal and parasternal regions, and in cattle suspected of having cholestasis, only the costal part of the abdominal wall on the right side is examined. Even experienced clinicians may not be able to pinpoint the organ affected and make a diagnosis in patients in which abdominal disease is suspected, however. In such cases, both sides of the abdomen are examined. Normally, the reticulum,1,2 spleen,1-4 rumen,2 and parts of the abomasum5,6 are seen on the left side, and the liver,7-9 omasum,10,11 parts of the abomasum,5,6 small intestine,12,13 large intestine,14,15 and right kidney16 are seen on the right. The uterus may be seen on either side depending on the stage of pregnancy. This article describes the ultrasonographic techniques used for examination of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine. The normal findings are presented followed by a description of the most important diseases of these organs.Ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle AbstractUltrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for investigating gastrointestinal disorders in cattle. It is performed on standing non-sedated cattle using a 3.5 to 5.0 MHz linear or convex transducer. In animals with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, inflammatory fibrinous changes and abscesses can be imaged. Ultrasonography can be used to assess the size, position and contents of the abomasum. In left displacement of the abomasum, the abomasum is seen

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“…They were also invasive because they involved fistulation of the rumen. Ultrasonography has been used successfully for the assessment of the reticulum and reticular motility (Braun and Götz, 1994;Braun and Rauch, 2008) as well as for imaging the rumen (Tschuor and Clauss, 2008;Imran et al, 2011;Braun et al, 2013). The main goal of this study was therefore to investigate the feasibility of ultrasonography for the assessment of ruminal motility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 cows

Braun¹,

Schweizer²

2015

SAT

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The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 healthy cows. The transducers of five ultrasound machines were connected to a digital video recorder and placed simultaneously at five sites on the left side of the cows to scan the reticulorumen (reticulum; ruminal atrium; dorsal sac of the rumen; left longitudinal groove; ruminal recess, caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs). The video streams from all five ultrasound machines were recorded synchronously with the same time line and displayed on a single monitor. Time 0 was defined as the start of a biphasic reticular contraction. The reticulum was visualised in all cows and had 11.0 ± 2.12 biphasic contractions in 9 min. The ruminal atrium was visualised in 40 (89%) cows and had 10.7 ± 2.10 contractions in 9 min, which started at the time point 5.0 ± 0.83 sec and lasted 7.0 ± 2.14 sec. Contractions of the dorsal sac of the rumen, visible in all cows, were visualised in 29 (64%) cows. There were 9.5 ± 1.8 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 4.0 ± 0.85 sec and lasted 8.2 ± 1.04 sec. The left longitudinal groove was seen contracting in 39 (87%) cows. There were 10.2 ± 1.98 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 4.1 ± 1.81 sec and lasted 7.8 ± 1.19 sec. Contractions of the ventral sac of the rumen (ruminal recess) were seen in 31 (69%) cows. There were 7.5 ± 2.59 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 14.3 ± 4.30 sec. Contractions of the caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs were seen in 34 (76%) cows. There were 9.0 ± 2.75 (1.0 ± 0.31) contractions/min and 9.4 ± 2.09 (1.0 ± 0.23) contractions/min of the dorsal and ventral blind sacs, and they started at the time points 6.2 ± 1.32 sec and 21.3 ± 6.20 sec, respectively. Primary contraction cycles were seen in all cows and secondary cycles in 22 (49%) cows. The former were complete in 37 (82%) cows and incomplete in 8 (18%). There were 11.0 ± 2.12 primary and 4.5 ± 2.15 secondary cycles in 9 min, and the ratio between primary and motilisecondary cycles averaged 2.4:1. Ultrasonography is suitable for the assessment of reticuloruminal motility in cattle. cows. There were 10.2 ± 1.98 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 4.1 ± 1.81 sec and lasted 7.8 ± 1.19 sec. Contractions of the ventral sac of the rumen (ruminal recess) were seen in 31 (69 %) cows. There were 7.5 ± 2.59 contractions in 9 min that started at the time point 14.3 ± 4.30 sec. Contractions of the caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs were seen in 34 (76 %) cows. There were 9.0 ± 2.75 (1.0 ± 0.31) contractions/min and 9.4 ± 2.09 (1.0 ± 0.23) contractions/min of the dorsal and ventral blind sacs, and they started at the time points 6.2 ± 1.32 sec and 21.3 ± 6.20 sec, respectively. Primary contraction cycles were seen in all cows and secondary cycles in 22 (49 %) cows. The former were complete in 37 (82 %) cows and incomplete in 8 (18 %). There were 11.0 ± 2.12 primary and 4.5 ± 2.15 secondary cycles in 9 min, ...

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Investigations on the stratification of forestomach contents in ruminants: an ultrasonographic approach

Cited by 31 publications

References 40 publications

Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems

Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems

Ultrasonography of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cattle

Ultrasonographic assessment of reticuloruminal motility in 45 cows

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