Investigations on neonicotinoids in guttation fluid of seed treated sugar beet: Frequency, residue levels and discussion of the potential risk to honey bees

Wirtz, Ina; Hauer-Jákli, Melanie; Schenke, Detlef; Ladewig, Erwin; Märländer, Bernward; Heimbach, Udo; Pistorius, Jens

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017.11.004

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Pesticide impact on flower-visiting insects-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2019;38:2355-2370 (Tapparo et al 2011;Reetz et al 2016;Wirtz et al 2018). Maximum concentration have been measured at 10 5 ng/mL (Godfray et al 2014;Schmolke et al 2018).…”

Section: Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another potential water source for FVIs are guttation droplets that are exuded by some plant species under moist conditions. Concentrations of systemic neonicotinoids in crop guttation fluid vary greatly (Tapparo et al 2011;Reetz et al 2016;Wirtz et al 2018). Maximum concentration have been measured at 10 5 ng/mL (Godfray et al 2014;Schmolke et al 2018).…”

Section: Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Pesticides on Flower‐Visiting Insects: A Review with Regard to European Risk Assessment

Uhl

Brühl

2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Flower‐visiting insects (FVIs) are an ecologically diverse group of mobile, flying species that should be protected from pesticide effects according to European policy. However, there is an ongoing decline of FVI species, partly caused by agricultural pesticide applications. Therefore, the risk assessment framework needs to be improved. We synthesized the peer‐reviewed literature on FVI groups and their ecology, habitat, exposure to pesticides, and subsequent effects. The results show that FVIs are far more diverse than previously thought. Their habitat, the entire agricultural landscape, is potentially contaminated with pesticides through multiple pathways. Pesticide exposure of FVIs at environmentally realistic levels can cause population‐relevant adverse effects. This knowledge was used to critically evaluate the European regulatory framework of exposure and effect assessment. The current risk assessment should be amended to incorporate specific ecological properties of FVIs, that is, traits. We present data‐driven tools to improve future risk assessments by making use of trait information. There are major knowledge gaps concerning the general investigation of groups other than bees, the collection of comprehensive data on FVI groups and their ecology, linking habitat to FVI exposure, and study of previously neglected complex population effects. This is necessary to improve our understanding of FVIs and facilitate the development of a more protective FVI risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2355–2370. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC

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Section: Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Pesticides on Flower‐Visiting Insects: A Review with Regard to European Risk Assessment

Uhl

Brühl

2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Residue levels fell below the limit of detection (LOD ≤ 0.005 mg/L for both substances) in later growth stages (BBCH 38). In addition, Wirtz et al (2018) found higher guttation occurrence in sugar beet with increasing humidity, and highest occurrences of guttation in the crop at temperatures between 10 and 14°C.…”

Section: Pesticide Residue Levels In Guttation Watermentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In one of the studies addressing winter cereals, the maximum measured residue levels were 6.7 and 8.5 mg/L for imidacloprid and clothianidin, respectively (Nikolakis et al 2014). Peak residue levels in guttation water from sugar beet of 0.658, 9.043, and 2.018 mg/L were observed for imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam, respectively (Wirtz et al 2018).…”

Section: Pesticide Residue Levels In Guttation Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in concentrations after day 10 was attributed to increased water evaporation concentrating solutes within the plant resulting in increased chemical concentrations. Wirtz et al (2018) collected guttation water from sugar beet plants over a period of 90 days after emergence. The highest concentrations of neonicotinoids were measured in early growth stages .…”

Section: Pesticide Residue Levels In Guttation Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant guttation water as a potential route for pesticide exposure in honey bees: a review of recent literature

2018

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Because honey bees periodically collect water, guttation water from treated crops has been suggested as a potential exposure route to systemic pesticides. We reviewed studies that were published in the scientific literature since a previous review of the topic. We identified several studies that reported residue levels of pesticides in guttation water. However, few studies addressed guttation water as a potential exposure route to honey bees. In these studies, no significant effects on honey bee colony health or overwintering survival were observed when colonies were located within fields of treated crops during guttation periods. The previous and current review suggests that exposure to pesticides via guttation water alone is unlikely to negatively affect honey bee colonies. A better understanding of water foraging by honey bees would be needed to address whether guttation water could represent a relevant exposure route of honey bees to systemic pesticides. guttation / honey bees / pesticide risk assessment / neonicotinoids

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Potential Risk of Residues From Neonicotinoid‐Treated Sugar Beet in Flowering Weeds to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Odemer

Friedrich

Illies

et al. 2023

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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In 2018 the European Union (EU) banned the three neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, clothianidin (CLO), and thiamethoxam (TMX), but they can still be used if an EU Member State issues an emergency approval. Such an approval went into effect in 2021 for TMX-coated sugar beet seeds in Germany. Usually, this crop is harvested before flowering without exposing non-target organisms to the active ingredient or its metabolites. In addition to the approval, strict mitigation measures were imposed by the EU and the German federal states. One of the measures was to monitor the drilling of sugar beet and its impact on the environment. Hence we took residue samples from different bee and plant matrices and at different dates to fully map beet growth in the German states of Lower Saxony, Bavaria, and Baden-Württemberg. A total of four treated and three untreated plots were surveyed, resulting in 189 samples. Residue data were evaluated using the US Environmental Protection Agency BeeREX model to assess acute and chronic risk to honey bees from the samples, because oral toxicity data are widely available for both TMX and CLO. Within treated plots, we found no residues either in pools of nectar and honey crop samples (n = 24) or dead bee samples (n = 21). Although 13% of beebread and pollen samples and 88% of weed and sugar beet shoot samples were positive, the BeeREX model found no evidence of acute or chronic risk. We also detected neonicotinoid residues in the nesting material of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis, probably from contaminated soil of a treated plot. All control plots were free of residues. Currently, there are insufficient data on wild bee species to allow for an individual risk assessment. In terms of the future use of these highly potent insecticides, therefore, it must be ensured that all regulatory requirements are complied with to mitigate any unintentional exposure.

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Investigations on neonicotinoids in guttation fluid of seed treated sugar beet: Frequency, residue levels and discussion of the potential risk to honey bees

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

The Impact of Pesticides on Flower‐Visiting Insects: A Review with Regard to European Risk Assessment

The Impact of Pesticides on Flower‐Visiting Insects: A Review with Regard to European Risk Assessment

Plant guttation water as a potential route for pesticide exposure in honey bees: a review of recent literature

Potential Risk of Residues From Neonicotinoid‐Treated Sugar Beet in Flowering Weeds to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

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