Investigations of Threonine Requirements of Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Based on Grain Sorghum and Soybean Meal

Smith, N. K.; Waldroup, P. W.

doi:10.3382/ps.0670108

Cited by 34 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This level of threonine occasionally permitted maximum growth and feed utilization, but usually resulted in significantly poorer performance than the diet containing 0.72% or more threonine. However, the findings of the current study do not support the previous research by Kidd et al (1997), Smith and Waldroup (1988) that the NRC (1994) and NRC (1984) estimate on threonine, for 0-3-week-old chicks are too high.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Change in Growth Performance and Liver Function Enzymes of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to Dietary Supplementation of Methionine and Threonine

Maroufyan¹,

Kasim²,

Hashemi³

et al. 2010

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Problem statement:The aim of this study was to verify the effects of methionine and threonine supplementations higher than the NRC recommendation on growth performance, liver function enzymes, blood parameters and immune tissues of broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease. Approach: A total of 450 day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to nine groups. Chickens were fed by three graded levels of DL-methionine [NRC (M1), 2 times NRC (M2) and 3 times NRC (M3)] and three graded levels of L-threonine [NRC (T1), 2 times NRC (T2) and 3 times NRC (T3)] from day 1-42 of age. On day 28, all birds were challenged with a commercial live-IBDV vaccine. Results: Body Weight Gain (BWG) and Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments in starter phase and either methionine or threonine at the highest levels significantly decreased BWG, FI and FCR in broiler chickens. A similar trend by methionine and threonine at the highest levels was noted on BWG and FI in grower phase. The highest level of threonine significantly increased spleen weight on day 28 (pre-challenge) and 14 days post challenge. At 14 days after challenge, dietary supplementation of methionine at NRC recommended level (M1) significantly increased the serum concentrations of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). In the T3 group, the serum concentrations of AST and LDH were significantly decreased, whereas the serum uric acid concentration was significantly increased. Conclusion/Recommendations: In conclusion, our data suggest that the methionine and threonine requirement of male broiler chicks is higher for growth performance than was suggested by the last NRC committee and liver function enzymes results showed that methionine and threonine supplementation three times higher than NRC requirements in broiler chickens has not toxic potential.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Change in Growth Performance and Liver Function Enzymes of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to Dietary Supplementation of Methionine and Threonine

Maroufyan¹,

Kasim²,

Hashemi³

et al. 2010

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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“…No significant improvement in gain of mixed sexes was obtained with diets containing more than 7-56 g threonine/kg (Table 4). Our results can be compared with the findings of Davis and Austic (1982) who reported a threonine requirement of 7-2 g/kg, the NRC (1984) with 8-0 g/kg, Uzu (1986) with 7-3 g/kg for gain and 7-5 g/kg for food/gain ratio, Thomas et al (1986) with 7-7 g/kg for males and 7-3 g/kg for females, Robbins (1987) with 7-4 g/kg and Smith and Waldroup (1988) with 6 to 8 g/kg for gain and 7-9 g/kg for food/gain ratio.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, when calculated for the 200 g CP/kg diet, the requirement for threonine would be 7-4 g/kg. In two experiments performed by Smith and Waldroup (1988), the threonine requirement of male broiler chicks to achieve maximum body weight gain lay between 6-0 and 8-0 g/kg; for maximum food utilisation at least 7-9 g/kg threonine was required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of broiler chicks to threonine‐supplemented diets to 4 weeks of age

Holsheimer¹,

Vereijken

Schutte

1994

British Poultry Science

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1. Two experiments were carried out to determine the response of broiler chicks to threonine-supplemented diets between 10 and 28 d and 7 and 21 d of age, respectively. 2. In the first experiment female broiler chicks were fed on 11 experimental diets. Two iso-energetic basal diets (diets 1 and 2) were prepared with 200 and 160 g CP/kg and 7.6 and 6.0 g threonine/kg respectively. Both diets contained 11.5 g lysine and 8.7 g sulphur-containing amino acids/kg. Diet 3 was composed of diet 2, supplemented with all essential and non-essential amino acids (EAA and NEAA, respectively) except threonine, to the concentrations of the amino acids in diet 1. The NEAA were added as a combination of glutamic acid and glycine. Diets 4 to 11 had the same compositions as diet 3, but contained increasing amounts of threonine. 3. For birds fed on diet 2, gain was significantly lower and food/gain ratio was significantly higher than for birds fed on diet 1. Supplementation with EAA, NEAA and threonine to the same concentrations in diet 1 resulted in a performance similar to that found on diet 1. 4. In experiment 2, male and female broiler chicks both received 10 experimental diets. Diet 1 contained 220 g CP/kg and 8.5 g threonine/kg, diet 2 contained 160 g CP/kg from natural raw materials and 6 g threonine/kg. Both diets contained 12.4 g lysine and 9.3 g sulphur-containing amino acids/kg. Basal diet 2 was supplemented with all EAA and NEAA to the concentrations of basal diet 1, except for threonine. Diets 3 to 10 had the same compositions as the supplemented diet 2, but contained increasing amounts of threonine. 5. For male and female chicks on diet 2, gain was significantly lower and food/gain ratio significantly higher than those on diet 1. Diet 10 (160 g CP/kg plus all EAA, including threonine, and NEAA supplemented to the concentrations of diet 1) resulted in the same performance as diet 1. 6. The results indicate that, when low protein maize-soyabean meal diets supplemented with EAA and NEAA with 13.31 MJ ME/kg were fed to male and female broiler chicks until 21 d of age, improvements in gain and food/gain ratio were obtained when the dietary threonine content was increased to 7.25 g/kg. When female chicks were fed threonine-supplemented diets to 28 d of age, improvement in gain and food/gain ratio was obtained when the threonine concentrations were increased to 6.32 g/kg diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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“…Non-bound threonine became commercially available in the 1980s and early evaluations in broiler chicks were reported in Suzuk and Mitsuhashi [89] and Smith and Waldroup [90], and the role of threonine in poultry was subsequently reviewed [91]. Interestingly, significant correlations between free threonine concentrations in portal plasma taken from the anterior mesenteric vein with both weight gains and feed efficiency in broilers from 7 to 28 days post-hatch have been reported [92].…”

Section: Threoninementioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production

Selle

Dorigam

Lemme

et al. 2020

Animals

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Simple Summary: There is a distinct possibility that synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will partially replace soybean meal in diets for broiler chickens and reduce the dependency of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal as its principal source of protein.The genesis of this partial replacement will be the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. A reduced-crude protein diet contains less soybean meal, and therefore less crude protein, but an increased array of essential and even non-essential non-bound amino acids so that requirements are met. There are, however, several challenges to be overcome if reduced-crude protein diets are to be successfully developed and adopted.Abstract: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an 'ideal' amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.Animals 2020, 10, 729 2 of 20 generates 1.1 kg CO 2 equivalents, which is considerably less than that of pork (3.8 kg CO 2 equivalents) or beef (14.8 kg CO 2 equivalents) production [2]. Moreover, it has been predicted that chicken-meat production will contribute 7.1% of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 29.8% and 63.1% for pork and beef, respectively [2]. However, diets for broiler chickens may contain more than 200 g/kg protein, the majority of which is derived from soybean meal; consequently, the chicken-meat industry has a huge demand for soybean meal. The production of 1 kg of chicken meat will require an input in the order of 560 g soybean meal given a conservative 250 g/kg dietary inclusion of soybean meal and a 2.25:1 conversion of feed into carcass weight. Importantly, this demand can be diminished by inclusions of non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids in broiler diets at the expense of soybean meal via the successful development of reduced-crude protein (CP) diets [3]. Therefore, synthetic...

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Investigations of Threonine Requirements of Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Based on Grain Sorghum and Soybean Meal

Cited by 34 publications

References 10 publications

Change in Growth Performance and Liver Function Enzymes of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to Dietary Supplementation of Methionine and Threonine

Change in Growth Performance and Liver Function Enzymes of Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus to Dietary Supplementation of Methionine and Threonine

Response of broiler chicks to threonine‐supplemented diets to 4 weeks of age

Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production

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