Synthesis of α-aminonitriles catalyzed by montmorillonite K10 in the presence of dicationic phosphonium salt in water under ultrasonic effect Ç igdem YILDIRIM, Ç igdem YOLAÇ AN, Feray AYDOGAN

This paper discusses the current government bureaucratic problems in Indonesia that are multi-dimensional and protracted as a vicious circle. Government bureaucracy reform efforts in Indonesia will not be successful if they are still carried out in linear mindset that does not address the root of the problem. This paper also discusses how systemic and dynamic approaches to good governance can create the leverage to get rid of vicious circle in innovative ways. The result is in order to solve this complex and dynamic problem we need more comprehensive strategies which include four major areas, that is, political leadership, public policy harmonization (including rules and regulations), the application of merit system in all government agencies, and anti corruption movement.

BackgroundInfectious bursal disease (IBD) results in economic loss due to mortality, reduction in production efficiency and increasing the usage of antibiotics. This study was carried out to investigate the modulatory roles of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enrichment in immune response and performance of IBD challenged broiler chickens.MethodsA total of 300 day old male broiler chicks were assigned to four dietary n-3 PUFA ascending levels as the treatment groups (T1: 0.5; T2: 8.0; T3: 11.5; T4: 16.5) using combinations of tuna oil and sunflower oil. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. On day 28, all birds were challenged with IBD virus. Antibody titer, cytokine production, bursa lesion pre and post-challenge and lymphoid organ weight were recorded.ResultsOn d 42 the highest body weight was observed in the T2 and T3 and the lowest in T4 chickens. Feed conversion ratio of the T2 broilers was significantly better than the other groups. Although productive parameters were not responded to the dietary n-3 PUFA in a dose-dependent manner, spleen weight, IBD and Newcastle disease antibody titers and IL-2 and IFN-γ concentrations were constantly elevated by n-3 PUFA enrichment.ConclusionsDietary n-3 PUFA enrichment may improve the immune response and IBD resistance, but the optimum performance does not coincide with the optimum immune response. It seems that dietary n-3 PUFA modulates the broiler chicken performance and immune response in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, a moderate level of dietary n-3 PUFA enrichment may help to put together the efficiency of performance and relative immune response enhancement in broiler chickens.

: Limited data are available on the content of inositol phosphates in feed ingredients. The doubtfulness over the identity and literature values of the inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) analysed in feed ingredients by the classical iron precipitation method prompted the analysis for inositol phosphates in some feed ingredients using a modiÐed high-performance liquid chromatography method. The inositol phosphates analysed were inositol triphosphate (IP3), inositol tetraphosphate (IP4), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). At least 97% of the inositol phosphates in grains occurred as IP6 and the remainder as IP5. In milled products the relative percentage of IP5 was higher (up to 14É5% in wheat bran) but the overall IP6 relative percentage was still high (more than 82%). IP3 and IP4 were not present in grains, and their amounts were very low when present in their milling or processed fractions. The absolute IP6 content was highest in rice bran and wheat bran at 68É31 and 47É63 g kg~1, respectively. The results indicate that processed plant products may contain hydrolysis products of IP5 and IP6. These products contain greater percentages of IP3, IP4 and IP5 than in grains or milling products.1998 SCI. ( J Sci Food Agric 76, 1È9 (1998)

. © Raptor Protection ofSlovakia (RPS) 113 Sub-lethal effects of the anticoagulant rodenticides bromadiolone and chlorophacinone on breeding performances of the barn owl (Tyto alba) in oil palm plantations Subletálny vplyv antikoagulačných rodenticídov bromadiolonu a chlórofacinonu na hniezdnu úspešnosť plamienky driemavej (Tyto alba) na plantážach palmy olejovej Hasber SALIM, Hafidzi MOHD NOOR, Noor Hisham HAMID, Dzolkhifli OMAR, Azhar KASIM, Che Salmah MD RAWI, Abu Hassan AHMAD & Mohd Rizuan ZAINAL ABIDIN Abstract: This study investigated the effects of the first generation anticoagulant rodenticide chlorophacinone and the second generation rodenticide bromadiolone on the population and breeding performances of barn owls at oil palm plantations. Three treatment plots were established: one baited with chlorophacinone, one with bromadiolone, and the third kept rodenticide-free. Four rat-baiting campaigns which coincided with barn owl breeding season were carried in the rodenticide-treated plots. The occupancy rate of nest boxes, clutch size, brood size and fledging rates of the barn owls in each plot were monitored weekly throughout the study. Freshly regurgitated pellets from barn owls were collected from all occupied nest boxes at weekly intervals during the development of nestlings in each breeding season. The results show that the occupancy rate of the nest boxes was significantly higher in the rodenticide-free area compared with both rodenticide-treated areas. Similarly, the breeding performances, such as clutch size, brood size and fledging success, were higher in the rodenticide-free area compared with the rodenticide-treated areas. Results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that 20.56% (mean residue: 1.335 ± 0.073 µg/g) and 28.89% (mean residue: 0.777 ± 0.032 µg/g) of the collected regurgitated pellet samples from the rodenticide-treated areas contained bromadiolone and chlorophacinone residue, respectively. The mean brood size and fledging success of the barn owls showed a strong negative correlation with the mean concentration of rodenticide residues present in the regurgitated pellets and with the percentages of pellets detected having such residues (R2 ≥ 0.44, P < 0.05). Similarly, the mean clutch size of barn owls was negatively correlated with the mean concentration of rodenticide residues and with the percentages of pellets detected with these residues. However, the correlation was not significantly different (R2 ≥ 0.34, P > 0.05). In general, the higher the amount of residues detected, the lower the breeding performance parameters measured in this study.Abstrakt: Štúdia skúma vplyv prvej generácie antikoagulačného rodenticídu chlórofacinonu a druhej generácie bromadiolonu na parametre hniezdenej úspešnosti plamienky driemavej na plantážach palmy olejovej. Založili sa tri pokusné plochy: jedna ošet-rená chlórofacinonom, ďalšia s bromadiolonom a tretia kontrolná bez rodenticídu. Na chemicky ošetrených plochách sa počas hniezdnej sezóny rodenticíd vykladal štyri krát...