Investigation on Mechanical Behaviors of Polyamide 11 Reinforced with Halloysite Nanotubes

Francisco, Danae Lopes; Paiva, Lucilene Betega de; Aldeia, Wagner; Lugão, Ademar B.; Moura, Esperidiana A. B.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05749-7_69

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This initial reduction may be due to the PA610 structure, since other authors have reported improvements in the maximum tensile strength of PA6 filled with HNTs [ 47 ]. However, Francisco et al [ 48 ] reported similar results as seen in this work with biobased polyamide 11. They show how, depending on the composition of the polyamide, the tensile strength (maximum stress) can be affected by different HNTs loadings.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Injection-Molded Parts of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610 and Biobased Halloysite Nanotubes

et al. 2020

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This works focuses on the development of environmentally friendly composites with a partially biobased polyamide 610 (PA610), containing 63% biobased content, and a natural inorganic filler at the nanoscale, namely, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). PA610 composites containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% HNTs were obtained by melt extrusion in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The resulting composites were injection-molded for further characterization. The obtained materials were characterized to obtain reliable data about their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The effect of the HNTs wt% on these properties was evaluated. From a mechanical standpoint, the addition of 30 wt% HNTs gave an increase in tensile modulus of twice the initial value, thus verifying how this type of natural load provides increased stiffness on injection molded parts. The materials prepared with HNTs slightly improved the thermal stability, while a noticeable improvement on thermomechanical resistance over a wide temperature range was observed with increasing HNTs content. The obtained results indicate that high biobased content composites can be obtained with an engineering thermoplastic, i.e., PA610, and a natural inorganic nanotube-shaped filler, i.e., HNTs, with balanced mechanical properties and attractive behavior against high temperature.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Injection-Molded Parts of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610 and Biobased Halloysite Nanotubes

et al. 2020

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“…According to research, tensile strength, young's modulus, and elongation at break have all improved in PA 11/HNTs nanocomposites. Francisco et al [11] studied the mechanical properties of polyamide 11 nanocomposites loaded with halloysite nanotubes, as well as their connection. The HNTs were inserted into a PA 11 matrix via melt extrusion with a twin-screw extruder and an injection molding machine, with 2, 6, and 10 wt.% HNTs loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal, Dynamic Mechanical, Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Halloysite Nanotubes Filled Polyamide 11 Nanocomposites

Azahari

Anuar

Hassan

et al. 2023

Mal. J. Fund. Appl. Sci.

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The effects of various filler contents on the thermal, dynamic mechanical, mechanical, as well as flammability properties of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) filler and polyamide 11 (PA 11) matrixes are investigated in this research. The nanocomposites were made out of 100 phr of PA 11 and three distinct HNTs loadings of 2, 4, and 6 phr each. PA 11 nanocomposites without HNTs filler was used as the reference sample. To melt-compound the nanocomposites, a twin-screw extruder was used, and the specimen for testing was then injected using an injection mold. SEM, TGA, DSC, FTIR, DMA, tensile, flexural, impact, and UL-94 flammability tests were conducted on the nanocomposites. Incorporation of 4 phr HNTs into the nanocomposites resulted in the highest tensile and flexural strength. Maximum improvement in the DMA, Young’s and flexural modulus was achieved at 6 phr HNTs content. The elongation at break and TGA resulted the highest increase at 2 phr HNTs content. However, the impact strength decreased with increasing HNTs content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the ductility of the nanocomposites with increased HNTs content up to 4 phr. The DSC showed a steady increase in melting temperature (Tm) as HNTs content increased up to 4 phr, while the crystallization temperature (Tc) remained unchanged. TGA of PA 11/HNTs nanocomposites showed high thermal stability at 2 phr HNTs content. However, on further addition of HNTs up to 6 phr, thermal stability of the nanocomposites decreased due to the excess amount of HNTs. All the nanocomposites passed the horizontal and vertical UL-94 test with HB and V-2 grade. PA 11/4HNTs nanocomposite has the highest tensile strength, flexural strength compared to other PA 11/HNTs nanocomposites. PA 11/4HNTs nanocomposite can be suggested as an optimum formulation with balanced mechanical properties in terms of toughness.

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“…Normally, one of the main disadvantages of nanofillers is the low dispersion it presents in a polymer matrix, directly affecting both mechanical and flame-retardant properties [ 38 , 39 ]. However, because of their polar structure, HNTs can be efficiently dispersed in different polyamides [ 40 , 41 ]. Over the last two decades, nanocomposites based on inorganic clay minerals have attracted a lot of attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on the Fire Retardancy Properties of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610

et al. 2020

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The main objective of the work reported here was the analysis and evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as natural flame retardancy filler in partially biobased polyamide 610 (PA610), with 63% of carbon from natural sources. HNTs are naturally occurring clays with a nanotube-like shape. PA610 compounds containing 10%, 20%, and 30% HNT were obtained in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder. The resulting blends were injection molded to create standard samples for fire testing. The incorporation of the HNTs in the PA610 matrix leads to a reduction both in the optical density and a significant reduction in the number of toxic gases emitted during combustion. This improvement in fire properties is relevant in applications where fire safety is required. With regard to calorimetric cone results, the incorporation of 30% HNTs achieved a significant reduction in terms of the peak values obtained of the heat released rate (HRR), changing from 743 kW/m2 to about 580 kW/m2 and directly modifying the shape of the characteristic curve. This improvement in the heat released has produced a delay in the mass transfer of the volatile decomposition products, which are entrapped inside the HNTs’ lumen, making it difficult for the sample to burn. However, in relation to the ignition time of the samples (TTI), the incorporation of HNTs reduces the ignition start time about 20 s. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain polymer formulations with a high renewable content such as PA610, and a natural occurring inorganic filler in the form of a nanotube, i.e., HNTs, with good flame retardancy properties in terms of toxicity, optical density and UL94 test.

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Investigation on Mechanical Behaviors of Polyamide 11 Reinforced with Halloysite Nanotubes

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Injection-Molded Parts of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610 and Biobased Halloysite Nanotubes

Injection-Molded Parts of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610 and Biobased Halloysite Nanotubes

Thermal, Dynamic Mechanical, Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Halloysite Nanotubes Filled Polyamide 11 Nanocomposites

The Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on the Fire Retardancy Properties of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610

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